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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mechanically ventilated patients are at high risk for malnutrition, and it is now accepted that nutrition can influence the respiratory function. In particular, malnutrition can adversely affect lung function and the adverse effects of such malnutrition include: decreased ventilatory drive, decreased respiratory muscle function, alterations of lung parenchyma and depressed lung defense mechanisms. Therefore, nutrition support should be considered if a patients has a severe chronic pulmonary disease or an acute respiratory disease. Recent studies showed that malnourished patients have a reduced respiratory muscle strength and that nutritional intervention can return muscle ventilatory function to normal levels. Furthermore, it seems very likely that the ventilatory drive can be influenced by dietary intake of amino acids and glucose. The structure of the pulmonary parenchyma can be affected by starvation and the pulmonary defense mechanisms are depressed in malnourished patients. The incidence of post-operative pneumonia or atelectasis is higher in protein-depleted patients. in comparison with well-nourished patients. In conclusion, the importance of nutrition support in the management of patients with respiratory failure, particularly those mechanically ventilated, is stressed in the paper.
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PMID:[Effects of the nutritional status on the respiratory system]. 269 12

The colonic mucosa may be especially vulnerable during starvation and malnutrition, as luminal nutrients make the greatest contribution to its energy production. To investigate possible metabolic changes in the colonic mucosa during nutrient restriction, we studied substrate utilization by colonocytes isolated from three groups of 6-wk-old rats: control, fasted (72 h), and chronically malnourished animals. Isolated colonocytes were incubated with nonlabeled and 14C-labeled substrates (glucose, glutamine, n-butyrate, or beta-hydroxybutyrate). Substrate oxidation and net increase of intermediary metabolites were reduced in fasted and malnourished animals. The effect of fasting on substrate oxidation was greater than that of chronic malnutrition for all substrates tested except n-butyrate. The total ketone body concentrations and beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate ratios were higher in the fasted and malnourished groups than in controls. The findings suggest that the colonic mucosa responds to nutrient deprivation by a general reduction of oxidative metabolism that is associated with an altered redox state.
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PMID:Isolated colonocyte metabolism of glucose, glutamine, n-butyrate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate in malnutrition. 275 23

Plasma concentrations of IGF-1 decrease markedly during starvation secondary to a reduction in somatotropic receptors in the liver. We investigated whether IGF-1 administration during starvation in mice inhibits the catabolic state normally observed. Plasma concentrations of IGF-1 in starved mice receiving IGF-1 therapy were similar to values from non-starved mice, whereas bGH treatment failed to increase plasma IGF-1 levels. The degree of weight loss during 36 hours of starvation was reduced (p less than 0.01) by frequent treatment with subcutaneous IGF-1 but not by bGH therapy. The effect was restricted to the period 28 to 36 hours after commencement of the fast. These results suggest that a fall in circulating IGF-1 may play a role in the metabolic adaptation during malnutrition.
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PMID:Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in mice reduces weight loss during starvation. 279 10

The effects of aging and malnutrition on BAL cells, such as metabolic disorders and various immune responses, have been examined. In malnourished animals, the composition of phospholipids in BAL cells were changed, and the decrease in the number of specific prednisolone binding sites was recognized. Furthermore, the decrease of total cell counts and the population of lymphocytes, neutrophils and Ia-positive macrophages were observed in BAL cells. However, BAL cells obtained from heat-killed BCG sensitized animals in malnutrition preserved a good responsiveness. These impaired cellular development following starvation could be partly reversed by some antigenic factors, resulting in heavier cell infiltration and granuloma formation in the lung tissues. These observations suggest that alterations in immune responses accompanying malnutrition may be closely related to the mechanism of reactivation and the clinical course and profile of tuberculosis.
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PMID:[Activation and metabolic changes of macrophages in immunology of tuberculosis]. 281 Oct 6

Alteration of fatty acid composition was studied in blood plasma and erythrocytes of 14 patients with osteochondrosis under conditions of relief-diet therapy. During the period of full starvation distinct decrease in content of linoleic and eicosatrienic acids as well as an increase in content of palmitic, oleic and arachidonic acids were detected in blood plasma. Shifts in the ratio linoleic/arachidonic acids towards an increase in content of arachidonic acid appear to occur as a result of adaptation to stress caused by hunger. These alterations in the fatty acid spectrum of blood plasma, observed during starvation, were normalized within two weeks of recreative diet therapy. Deficiency in polyunsaturated fatty acids was not found in erythrocyte membranes under conditions of the relief-diet therapy course used.
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PMID:[Changes in fatty acid composition of the plasma and erythrocytes in osteochondrosis]. 281 85

Diarrhea or respiratory infection constitutes the terminal illness in most starved children and adults. A major component of starvation diarrhea appears to be an organ-specific malnutrition of the inestinal epithelium, not bacterial overgrowth. Faced with an overburden of nutrients on refeeding, the intestine cannot salvage ions because its epithelium has insufficient energy to control absorption effectively. In many cases, patients have a worsening of diarrhea and die within the 1st few days of oral refeeding. Antibiotics are particularly detrimental in starvation because they prevent effective bacterial fermentation and thus production of substrates for mucosal growth and sodium absorption. Oral rehydration thereapy uses glucose to drive sodium absorption in the small intestine mucosa, but it provides little energy to the mucosa. Nutrition of the small bowel mucosa is promoted by increasing the vascular supply of amino acids. Once nutrition of the intestinal mucosa has been restored, absorption of orally supplied nutrients becomes efficient. Refeeding diets in starvation should have a relatively high content of ferementable complex polysaccharides and dietary fiber and smaller amounts of milk fats and glucose than are normally provided to severely malnourished children. The starved intestinal epithelium returns to functional capacity after 5-7 days. As a result of the therapeutic implications in severely malnourished children, it is essential that cases of infective diarrhea and starvational diarrhea be differentiated from each other.
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PMID:Metabolic basis of starvation diarrhoea: implications for treatment. 287 46

To date, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been identified in over 50 children in the US, including those with associated hemophilia, high-risk environmental factors (Haitian background, parental intravenous drug abuse, or prostitution), and blood transfusions. The evaluation of an infant or young child in whom AIDS is suspected requires exclusion of congenital disorders of immune function. A specific test is not currently available, but inclusion criteria for childhood AIDS have been developed. The diseases accepted as indicative of underlying cellular immunodeficiency children are the same as those used in defining AIDS in adults, with the exclusion of congenital infections such as toxoplasmosis or herpes simplex virus infection in the 1st month of life or cytomegalovirus infection in the 1st 6 months of life. Specific conditions that must be excluded in children are primary immunodeficiency diseases (e.g., DiGeorge syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia, neutrophil function abnormality) and secondary immuno-deficiency associated with immunosuppressive therapy, lymphoreticular malignancy, or starvation. Almost all young children with AIDS have hepatosplenomegaly, interstitial pneumonitis, and poor growth. The average age of 36 US child AIDS victims studied in detail was 5 months at presentation with findings suggestive of severe immunodeficiency. Mucocutaneous candidiasis was present in 75% of these 36 children, and Pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus were each isolated from 30% of cases. Normal T4:T8 ratios occur in about 15% of pediatric AIDS cases. Laboratory evidence of polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia generally supports the AIDS diagnosis. Recurrent infection and malnutrition are major problems in the clinical management of child AIDS patients.
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PMID:Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in childhood. 298 8

Diet clearly influences neurotransmission. This can be important in grossly undernourished children. It can also be important in children in whom normal homeostatic mechanisms governing food intake are bypassed. Subtle differences in behavior can occur with physiologic variation in food intake. Components of foods can also be used as drugs. Starvation can impair neuronal maturation and can have lasting effects upon behavior and intellectual performance. The extent of starvation's impact upon the brain depends upon whether undernutrition occurred during a critical phase in brain development. Short-term fasting has small, but significant, effects upon intellectual performance. Even when gross malnutrition is not present, subtle changes in diet may modulate brain function. Tryptophan, tyrosine, and choline in the diet are used as precursors for neuronal synthesis of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, and acetylcholine, respectively. It is likely that the brain's sensitivity to certain components of the diet exists to permit monitoring of food intake by the central nervous system. Tryptophan, tyrosine, and choline may be useful in treatment of humans with sleep disorders, pain depression, mania, hypertension, shock, or dyskinesias. Other components of the diet that may affect behavior include food additives, sugar, and caffeine. Food additives may exacerbate hyperactive symptoms in a small proportion of children with attention deficit disorder. Given that there is little potential for harm and that there is a subpopulation that may respond, a trial of a diet that contains no food additives may be a valid diagnostic approach for children with attention deficit disorder who do not respond to stimulant therapy or for children for whom stimulant therapy is not desired. Refined sugar has been blamed for many behavioral abnormalities. Subtle effects of carbohydrate upon behavior have been reported, but the existing data do not support the hypothesis that sucrose or fructose exert special effects upon neurotransmission. Caffeine is easily detected as a stimulant by humans, but it has little effect upon cognitive function. Administration of large doses of vitamins has no beneficial effect in most humans with schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, autism, Down's syndrome, or drug addiction. Large doses of niacinamide may even be harmful, as they may cause hepatic damage.
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PMID:Dietary influences on neurotransmission. 302 51

Clearly, both the metabolism of many proteins and the size of protein pools are affected or regulated by the nutrient intake. At least some of these effects are probably due to changes in the activities of proteolytic enzymes. Indeed, starvation, protein-calorie malnutrition and protein malnutrition probably increase activities of a number of proteases in plasma, liver, skeletal muscle and heart. Pancreatic secretion of proteases and other enzymes is impaired. However, the changes in proteolytic activities often follow rather than precede alterations in the net rate of protein degradation. Thus, the contribution of the proteolytic enzymes to changes in protein degradation in these conditions is not clear. The effects of nutrition on proteases also are difficult to evaluate because the protease activities have been measured in vitro. These activities may not necessarily reflect the protease activity in vivo, where lysosomes, membrane barriers and transport systems are intact, and inhibitors and facilitators of proteinases may act differently from the in vitro state. Also, proteinase activities often are expressed per weight of tissue or per mg of protein. Tissue weight and protein content often fall during protein and/or calorie malnutrition. Hence, the previous reports of increased protease activities in malnutrition may be incorrect. The observed increase is only relative to the fall in weight and protein content of the tissue. When expressed in terms of total tissue or organ mass, there was no rise in protease activities in many of these studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Nutrition and protease activity. 307 53

Tissue antioxidant status may be compromised under conditions of dietary restriction, either as the result of a deficiency in a specific cofactor required by a particular antioxidant enzyme or of more complex alterations of a generalized nature triggered by metabolic responses to starvation. Many similarities exist between insulin-reversible abnormalities in tissue antioxidant enzyme activities seen in experimental diabetes and in animals subjected to food deprivation-induced weight loss which is associated with hypoinsulinemia. The complex alterations in tissue antioxidant enzyme activities resulting from nutritional deficiency states, disease or drug administration may have important clinical consequences. Free radical-related processes have been implicated in the pathology of certain conditions in which weight loss is frequently recommended (e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis). It will be important to investigate the possible adverse effects of this intervention on the underlying disease process involved. Glutathione-dependent hepatic detoxification processes are impaired under conditions of nutritional deficiency. This finding not only has important clinical implications but the standard practice of fasting small laboratory animals overnight to ensure reliable drug absorption can markedly influence the results of pharmacological/toxicological experiments. Further studies of the influence of nutritional status on free radical-related processes are likely to yield valuable information which may be applicable to a variety of research and clinical problems.
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PMID:Nutritional deficiency, starvation, and tissue antioxidant status. 307 49


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