Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clinical nutrition assessment has identified two types of protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM), a stress-induced hypoalbuminemic form (HAF-PCM) and a marasmic form (MF-PCM) generated by adaptation to starvation. This study evaluated the differences between these two patterns of PCM with regard to precipitating factors and the clinical sequelae of mortality, cost of total parenteral nutrition, length of hospitalization, and rate of sepsis and nosocomial infection. Of 220 patients receiving total parenteral nutrition over a 12-month period (0.7% of 30, 127 admissions), 180 were included in this study. HAF-PCM was diagnosed in 45% and MF-PCM in 25% of study patients. HAF-PCM was more common in older age groups. Women had PCM less often than did men (57% vs 83%), but whereas men developed both forms of PCM equally, women were more likely to develop HAF-PCM. Prolonged mechanical ventilation increased the likelihood of both patterns, whereas the presence of malignancy, concomitant organ failure, trauma, burns, or surgery did not increase the likelihood of developing either pattern of PCM. HAF-PCM increased the length of hospitalization by 29% and the cost of total parenteral nutrition by 42%. The presence of HAF-PCM increased four-fold the odds of dying, and the odds of developing nosocomial infection and sepsis almost 2.5 times above that seen in its absence. MF-PCM had no clinical effect of its own on any of the outcome parameters, but instead exerted only an interactive synergistic effect with HAF-PCM on length of hospitalization and cost of total parenteral nutrition.
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PMID:Differentiating subtypes (hypoalbuminemic vs marasmic) of protein-calorie malnutrition: incidence and clinical significance in a university hospital setting. 164 Jun 31

The requirement of dietary nucleotide sources for maximal helper T-cell function has been demonstrated. The effect of dietary nucleotide restriction was tested during two forms of nutritional stress: starvation and protein malnutrition. In the starvation model, mice were fed chow diet, nucleotide free or nucleotide free supplemented with 0.25% yeast RNA, for at least 4 weeks. The animals were then starved for 5 days, at which time they were killed and mitogen assays were performed using spleen cells. Animals previously maintained on the nucleotide-free diet supplemented with RNA showed a significant increase in spontaneous concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated blastogenesis. Protein malnutrition was induced by feeding Balb/c mice a protein-free diet for 7 to 10 days. These mice then received either the protein-free diet, the nucleotide-free diet, or the nucleotide-free diet supplemented with 0.25% yeast RNA. Popliteal lymph node assays were then performed. The chow diet, nucleotide-free diet, and nucleotide-free diet supplemented with 0.25% yeast RNA led to a restoration of body weight, but only the chow and supplemented diets restored significant popliteal lymph node immune reactivity. These studies using starvation and protein-malnutrition models clearly indicate the nutritional role of nucleotides in the maintenance and restoration of the immune response.
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PMID:Dietary nucleotides reverse malnutrition and starvation-induced immunosuppression. 168 91

The health status of a population of dogs (n = 220) from a rural southern African town is described. A cross sectional survey was done to collect the necessary information. All animals examined were mongrels with a mean condition score of 1.93. The oldest dog found in the population was 8 years old. Rhipicephalus sanguineus was the dominant tick species encountered on the dogs, Echidnophaga gallinacea the dominant flea species, while Cordylobia anthropophaga and Demodex canis also affected the health status of the population. Fourty five per cent of the population were found to have nematode eggs in the faeces. On clinical examination, 5% of the population were judged to be acutely ill and 27% to be chronically ill. Based on the clinical examination, bloodsmears and laboratory results, 51% of the population had one or more serious clinical conditions at the time of examination. The conditions with the highest point prevalence rate in the community were canine ehrlichiosis (17.2%), transmissible veneral tumour (6.8%), canine distemper (5%), Cordylobia infestation (5.5%), trauma (4.1%), and severe malnutrition (4.1%). It was concluded that a significant section of this population was in a chronic state of starvation and malnutrition. There was also a heavy infestation of internal and external parasites and the prevalence of serious diseases in this population was high.
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PMID:A descriptive study of the canine population in a rural town in southern Africa. 177 Apr 90

Changes in the activity of proteases (cathepsin D and calpains) caused by 48-h food withdrawal were studied in the brain, liver, kidney, spleen, and heart of 3-, 12-, and 24-month-old Fischer rats. Cathepsin D activity was similar in brain, liver, and heart of control animals; in kidney it was 5-fold higher and in spleen about 10-fold higher. With age, activity increased in all organs tested except spleen. Brief starvation caused no change of cathepsin D activity in brain, but caused an increase in liver and a decrease in spleen. Neutral proteolytic activity in control was highest in the pons-medulla-cerebellum fraction of brain, and activity in liver and heart was below that in brain. Activity increased with age in brain and decreased in other organs. Brief starvation in young animals caused an increase in activity in brain, and a decrease in liver and spleen. Isolated calpain II activity was high in control brain. It increased with age in the cerebrum. Brief starvation resulted in a decrease in the brain. The results indicate that the protease content of the brain is altered with age and in malnutrition, with changes not being the same for all proteases, and changes in brain being different from those in other organs.
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PMID:Effects of brief starvation on brain protease activity. 178 26

Based on data indicating that decreases in body weight (BW), arm muscle circumference (AMC), and rapid-turnover proteins (RTPs) correlate with fatal septic complications after surgery for esophageal cancer, we examined possible factors contributing to protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) in patients with this disease. Eight parameters of nutritional status were assessed. Associations between sex, age, stage of cancer, and degree of dysphagia and PCM were analyzed via multiple linear regression for 75 patients with esophageal cancer and 58 with gastric cancer. These four factors independently contributed to PCM in patients with esophageal cancer, whereas malignant tumor and age contributed to PCM in those with gastric cancer. The degree of dysphagia was related to decreases in serum albumin and RTP and weakly related to decreases in BW and AMC. Stage of cancer, age, and sex were associated with reductions in albumin and/or RTP. Thus, we conclude that simple starvation, malignant tumor, age, and sex contribute to PCM and probably to the occurrence of fatal septic complications postoperatively.
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PMID:Factors related to malnutrition in patients with esophageal cancer. 180 92

Several studies have reported that the heart is severely affected by chronic malnutrition. However, the influence of these alterations on cardiac function remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of subacute starvation on the heart chronotropic response to a beta-adrenergic agonist (isoproterenol). Twelve rats were fed rat chow ad libitum or a 50%-restricted diet for 17 days. The rats were killed, the right atrium was isolated and incubated, and in vitro spontaneous cardiac contractions and frequency were registered. Cumulative doses of isoproterenol were added to the solution until maximal cardiac frequency was achieved. A deficit of 25% in the weight gain was observed in study rats compared with controls (92.6 +/- 10.2 vs. 113.8 +/- 19.2 g, p less than 0.05). Mean daily food intake was 4.8 +/- 0.1 and 9.8 +/- 0.5 g/day for semistarved and control rats, respectively. The in vitro cardiac frequency of the semistarved rats was similar to that of controls (290 +/- 15 and 305 +/- 23 beats/min, respectively, NS). However, when isoproterenol was added to the solution, maximal cardiac frequency of the semistarved rats (435 +/- 51 beats/min) was lower than that of control rats (508 +/- 34 beats/min, p less than 0.005). These findings suggest that subacute starvation may alter the cardiac response to beta-adrenergic agonists.
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PMID:Influence of subacute starvation on cardiac response to isoproterenol in rats. 180 19

Starvation resulting from famine and malnutrition remains an international concern. Malnutrition also influences the course and outcome of many diseases and when underestimated develops into a cycle of continuing dehabilitation. Thus, studies which contribute to the prevention, amelioration, or rehabilitation of the detrimental effect of starvation are warranted. Although investigations on endocrine changes related to starvation can be traced back to the early 1920s, there has been little work on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis until recently. The traditional line of thought tended to oversimplify the relationship between endocrine gland hypofunction and starvation by concluding that this hypofunction resulted from the inability of hormone production due to cellular damage and/or lack of raw materials and energy. Modern neuroendocrinology has established that neuroendocrine integration plays a major role in the body's homeostasis. The neuroendocrine system is the initial response to stress so that it is reasonable to assume that this system also plays a key role in the pathophysiological changes during starvation. This article presents a brief review of our research on: changes of anterior pituitary hormone secretions during starvation and refeeding; changes of hypothalamic neurotransmitters during starvation; and effects of modulation of central neurotransmitters on anterior pituitary hormone secretion of starved animals.
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PMID:Experimental studies on changes of neuroendocrine functions during starvation and refeeding. 184 38

Conventional solutions of parenteral nutrients fail to reverse the colonic atrophy caused by starvation. This may be due to the absence from these solutions of the amino acid glutamine--a fuel for rapidly dividing cells such as colonocytes and fibroblasts. Although glutamine is unstable in solution, the infusion of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) increases the rate of synthesis and release of glutamine from skeletal muscle. We evaluated the hypothesis that the infusion of BCAA into undernourished rats would reduce the extent of mucosal atrophy and enhance the healing of anastomoses in the colon. Undernourished rats were randomized to receive 6 days of either a normal diet (Chow), conventional parenteral nutrition (CPN), or CPN supplemented with 1.8% BCAA (BCAA). The BCAA group had a higher plasma glutamine concentration than the Chow group (P less than 0.05). Compared with the CPN group, the BCAA group had the greater colonic mucosal weight (P less than 0.05) and colonic mucosal protein content (P less than 0.05), but there were no significant differences between groups in the bursting wall tension of the colon or the hydroxyproline content of the anastomoses. Although the infusion of BCAA has a beneficial effect on colonic atrophy, this did not result in the more secure healing of colonic anastomoses in this experimental model.
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PMID:The influence of branched chain amino acids on colonic atrophy and anastomotic strength in the rat. 189 89

Stress and starvation, especially when complicated by sepsis, will give rise to a rapid erosion of the cellular mass, which significantly affects morbidity and mortality. The best clinical evaluation of the nutritional state is obtained from the medical history and the physical examination. In the patient who cannot eat a balanced diet, specialized nutritional support, in the form of either enteral or parenteral nutrition, is required to prevent malnutrition in the normally nourished, or to correct the nutritional state in the malnourished.
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PMID:Parenteral and enteral nutrition. 190 20

Advances in major gastrointestinal surgery and the existence of a significant number of high-risk patients necessitate a detailed knowledge of the metabolic response to surgery and the need for adjunctive nutritional therapy. Such surgery has the potential to cause significant nutritional consequences affecting patient outcome. Often, patients present malnourished preoperatively because of their chronic gastrointestinal disease, advanced age, or comorbidity. Still others are at great risk for developing malnutrition postoperatively secondary to the hypercatabolism of prolonged illness or postoperative complications. In addition, the surgical alterations of the gastrointestinal tract might disrupt normal function sufficiently to result in chronic nutritional deficiencies. Because starvation is no longer an acceptable condition, these concerns need to be recognized prior to surgery, and if indicated, nutritional support must be initiated preoperatively. Placement of feeding jejunostomy catheters for early enteral support should be considered for all high-risk patients. Equally important, surgeons should maintain a watch for future nutritional innovations that will improve their ability to meet patients' nutritional requirements.
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PMID:Nutritional consequences of major gastrointestinal surgery. Patient outcome and starvation. 190 40


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