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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to assess the effects of starvation on intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IEL) count and histological changes of the carp gut mucosa, one group of fish (n = 10) were fed commercially prepared standard diets and another group of fish (n = 10) were starved for 4 weeks. Carp starved for 4 weeks developed enteropathy, comprising folds atrophy, stratum compactum hyperplasia, significant periodic-acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive (P < 0.00001), but not Alcian blue (ALB)-positive, goblet cell (GC) hyperplasia and a significant decrease (P < 0.00001) in i-IEL numbers. These changes were associated with a dense cellular infiltrate into the lamina propria. Taken together, these data suggest that the pathobiology of starvation-induced i-IELs decrease, matching PAS-positive goblet cell proliferation and inflammatory cells homing to the gut, could be classified as a non-infectious enteropathy induced by starvation.
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PMID:Starvation-induced pathobiology in the gut of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). 1131 85

Parenteral nutrition offers the possibility of increasing or ensuring nutrient intake in patients in whom normal food intake is inadequate and enteral nutrition is not feasible, is contraindicated or is not accepted by the patient. These guidelines are intended to provide evidence-based recommendations for the use of parenteral nutrition in cancer patients. They were developed by an interdisciplinary expert group in accordance with accepted standards, are based on the most relevant publications of the last 30 years and share many of the conclusions of the ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition in oncology. Under-nutrition and cachexia occur frequently in cancer patients and are indicators of poor prognosis and, per se, responsible for excess morbidity and mortality. Many indications for parenteral nutrition parallel those for enteral nutrition (weight loss or reduction in food intake for more than 7-10 days), but only those who, for whatever reason cannot be fed orally or enterally, are candidates to receive parenteral nutrition. A standard nutritional regimen may be recommended for short-term parenteral nutrition, while in cachectic patients receiving intravenous feeding for several weeks a high fat-to-glucose ratio may be advised because these patients maintain a high capacity to metabolize fats. The limited nutritional response to the parenteral nutrition reflects more the presence of metabolic derangements which are characteristic of the cachexia syndrome (or merely the short duration of the nutritional support) rather than the inadequacy of the nutritional regimen. Perioperative parenteral nutrition is only recommended in malnourished patients if enteral nutrition is not feasible. In non-surgical well-nourished oncologic patients routine parenteral nutrition is not recommended because it has proved to offer no advantage and is associated with increased morbidity. A benefit, however, is reported in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Short-term parenteral nutrition is however commonly accepted in patients with acute gastrointestinal complications from chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and long-term (home) parenteral nutrition will sometimes be a life-saving maneuver in patients with sub acute/chronic radiation enteropathy. In incurable cancer patients home parenteral nutrition may be recommended in hypophagic/(sub)obstructed patients (if there is an acceptable performance status) if they are expected to die from starvation/under nutrition prior to tumor spread.
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PMID:ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: non-surgical oncology. 1947 52

Recent innovations in computed tomographic (CT) hardware and software have allowed implementation of low tube voltage imaging into everyday CT scanning protocols in adults. CT at a low tube voltage setting has many benefits, including (a) radiation dose reduction, which is crucial in young patients and those with chronic medical conditions undergoing serial CT examinations for disease management; and (b) higher contrast enhancement. For the latter, increased attenuation of iodinated contrast material improves the evaluation of hypervascular lesions, vascular structures, intestinal mucosa in patients with bowel disease, and CT urographic images. Additionally, the higher contrast enhancement may provide diagnostic images in patients with renal dysfunction receiving a reduced contrast material load and in patients with suboptimal peripheral intravenous access who require a lower contrast material injection rate. One limitation is that noisier images affect image quality at a low tube voltage setting. The development of denoising algorithms such as iterative reconstruction has made it possible to perform CT at a low tube voltage setting without compromising diagnostic confidence. Other potential pitfalls of low tube voltage CT include (a) photon starvation artifact in larger patients, (b) accentuation of streak artifacts, and (c) alteration of the CT attenuation value, which may affect evaluation of lesions on the basis of conventional enhancement thresholds. CT of the abdomen with a low tube voltage setting is an excellent radiation reduction technique when properly applied to imaging of select patients in the appropriate clinical setting.
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PMID:CT of the Abdomen with Reduced Tube Voltage in Adults: A Practical Approach. 2647 36