Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An attempt was made to characterize the hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata with reference to "normal" intra-specific variation, i.e., both inter- and intra-strain differences. Total protein concentration, per cent hemoglobin, pH, and osmolarity were studied. Seven geographic strains of B, glabrata were examined. In addition, observations were made on the hemolymph of Biomphalaria straminea, several strains of Helisoma caribaeum, and on B. glabrata subjected to infection with Schistosoma mansoni or to periods of starvation. Intra-strain differences in total protein concentration and total hemoglobin concentration in B. glabrata appeared to be more closely related with snail size than with absolute age. Inter-strain variation in B. glabrata was also noted, but the differences were of the same magnitude as those from intra-strain samples. Significant differences in total protein concentration were observed, however, between the means of similar size B. glabrata, B. straminea and H. caribaeum. The osmolatity of the hemolymph from different size B. glabrata was similar as were the osmolalities of the hemolymph from similar size snails of different strains. However, all B. glabrata strains exhibited hemolymph osmolalities lower than observed in strains of H. caribaeum. Infection with S. mansoni reduced the protein concentration of B. glabrata hemolymph. Differences were noted as early as 1.5-24 hr post-infection, with significant alterations occurring at about 11 days post-infection. To a lesser extent, starvation also depleted the protein content of the hemolymph.
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PMID:Intraspecific variations in the hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata, a snail host of Schistosoma mansoni. 0 98

Both bacterial and viral infections prevented or reversed the expected ketogenic response induced in rats by starvation. In contrast, ketogenesis was not inhibited by stresses such as aseptic femoral fracture or immobilization by screen restraint. Infection had no effect on mitochondrial enzymes of terminal respiration and fatty acid oxidation.
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PMID:Effect of inflammatory and noninflammatory stress on ketone bodies and free fatty acids in rats. 88 88

The catabolic effects of starvation alone, or starvation in the presence of pneumococcal sepsis, were compared in rats whose skeletal muscle protein had been tagged 14 days earlier with 14C-phenylalanine. In a fed rat, protein catabolism (as estimated by expired 14CO2) is not constant throughout the day but is highest during the dark hours. Starvation is associated with accelerated protein catabolism and a gradual loss of periodicity. Infection increases the rate of catabolism still further and results in a complete loss of periodicity.
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PMID:Total body protein catabolism in starved and infected rats. 90 62

The possible potentiation of an infection upon the metabolic consequences of trauma was tested in rats using a 2 X 2 block design which included control, femoral fracture, pneumococcal infection, and fracture plus infection groups. Infection introduced unique metabolic effects different from those of starvation, femoral fracture, or both together. Infection-induced effects included an accelerated conversion of 14C-alanine to glucose, higher serum haptoglobin, alpha2-macrofetoprotein, copper, and ceruloplasmin values, and lower serum iron, zinc, and transferrin concentrations. The first three of these infection-induced effects were diminished in rats with a femoral fracture. No measured effect of infection was increased in traumatized rats.
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PMID:Specific metabolic effects imposed by Streptococcus pneumoniae upon the response to femoral fracture in the rat. 90 63

1. Effects of Ascaridia galli infection on the energy and nitrogen (N) metabolism were studied on groups of 5 cross-bred cockerels aged about 5 weeks and given a diet deficient or adequate in vitamin A at two levels of feeding in respiration chambers. 2. Metabolisability of dietary energy was 67% and N retention 33% in infected chickens compared with 71 and 41% respectively, in uninfected chickens. 3. Maintenance energy requirement of vitamin A-deficient birds was 882 kJ/kgW d compared with 998 kJ/kgW d for normal birds. N balance of the deficient chickens was also less when compared at the same energy balance. Infection did not affect maintenance energy requirement nor N balance. 4. Starvation heat production of infected chickens (619 kJ/kgW d) was higher than that of uninfected controls (586 kJ/kgW d). When infection treatments were combined, vitamin A-adequate chickens had a higher heat production (615 kJ/kg d) than the vitamin A-deficient (580 kJ/kgW d). Endogenous N excretion (mg/gW) was less in vitamin A-deficient than in adequate, starved birds. 5. Deficient chickens had undetectable liver reserves of vitamin A and only very low plasma concentrations. There was a difference in the length of larvae (17 d after infection) associated with vitamin A status, and with level of feeding.
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PMID:Energy and nitrogen metabolism of diseased chickens: interaction of Ascaridia galli infestation and vitamin A status. 124 1

We have investigated the effects of Trypanosoma cruzi and Blastocrithidia triatomae on the life span of starved second/third (L2/3), third/fourth (L3/4), and fourth/fifth instars (L4/5) of Triatoma infestans, which had been infected in the first instar and fed last in the second, third or fourth instar respectively. The intestines and sometimes also the flagellate populations of dead bugs were examined. In uninfected L2/3 a higher relative humidity prolonged the life span. With a maximal survival of 14 months, uninfected L3/4 were the most resistant to starvation, followed by L4/5 and then L2/3. Trypanosoma cruzi reduced the life span of starved L3/4 and L4/5 by only 14% and 17%, respectively. Infection with B. triatomae reduced life spans by 51% (L2/3), 55% (L3/4) and 32% (L4/5). The intestines of dead infected bugs were more likely to contain incompletely-digested blood remnants than those of uninfected bugs; living flagellates occurred in all parts of the intestine, and often the rectal lumen contained more dead flagellates than were found on the rectal wall.
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PMID:Parasite/host-interrelationships of the trypanosomatids Trypanosoma cruzi and Blastocrithidia triatomae and the reduviid bug Triatoma infestans: influence of starvation of the bug. 251 86

The bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 E5 gene encodes a 44-amino-acid protein that can stably transform cultured rodent cells when expressed in the absence of all other viral genes. We have previously constructed a BPV-simian virus 40 recombinant virus (Pava-1) which efficiently expresses the BPV type 1 E5 gene in infected cells (J. Settleman and D. DiMaio, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:9007-9011, 1988). Within 48 h of Pava-1 infection, the vast majority of mouse C127 cells underwent a dramatic morphologic transformation which was accompanied by cell proliferation. Infection of C127 cells made quiescent by contact inhibition and serum starvation caused a great induction of cellular DNA synthesis. These morphologic and mitogenic responses were proportional to the virus multiplicity of infection. Mutational analysis indicated that the E5 gene is both necessary and sufficient for these activities. Analysis of a variety of E5 missense mutants revealed a strong correlation between their phenotypes in the acute transformation assays following infection and in the stable focus-forming assay following transfection. Most of the defective mutants expressed normal levels of E5 protein following infection, indicating that their defective phenotypes are not due to the synthesis of an unstable protein. The failure to genetically resolve these E5 activities suggests that the ability of the E5 protein to cause acute morphologic transformation and reentry into the cell cycle may be intimately related to its ability to cause stable cell transformation and that these functions are probably mediated by a single biochemical activity of the E5 protein.
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PMID:Genetic evidence that acute morphologic transformation, induction of cellular DNA synthesis, and focus formation are mediated by a single activity of the bovine papillomavirus E5 protein. 255 1

In young broiler chicks inoculated with 2 x 10(6) sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina per bird, total plasma lipids were significantly depressed compared with controls in the first week after inoculation. The lowest level observed was at 5 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.), at which time the chick host is known to experience malabsorption in the chick host (Ruff and Wilkins, 1980). Analysis of plasma components of infected chicks at 4 and 7 d.p.i. showed that triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acids, pigments and total protein were significantly decreased compared with controls. At 7 d.p.i., reduction of total cholesterol reflected mainly reduction in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. However, the ratio of HDL cholesterol/total plasma cholesterol was not significantly different from the control ratio. Density gradient ultracentrifugation of chick plasma separated lipoproteins into three main fractions: portomicrons plus very low density lipoproteins (PM + VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and HDL. These fractions were analyzed for lipid content. Infection with E. acervulina caused (1) significant reduction in the triglyceride and cholesterol contents of the PM + VLDL fraction at 3 and 5 d.p.i., (2) significant reduction of LDL cholesterol at 9 d.p.i. and LDL phospholipid at 5-9 d.p.i., and (3) significant reduction of HDL cholesterol at 3-9 d.p.i. and HDL phospholipid at 5-9 d.p.i. Starvation of uninfected chicks for 48 h caused significant reduction in plasma triglycerides and phospholipids, but an increase in total cholesterol. Density gradient ultracentrifugation showed that the changes in these components reflected mainly reduction of the lipids in the PM + VLDL fraction. The LDL fractions, however, appeared more intense than those of the controls and contained more cholesterol and phospholipids. These results suggest that changes at 3 and 5 d.p.i. in the plasma lipoprotein pattern of chicks infected with E. acervulina most closely resemble changes seen in chicks starved for 48 h as far as PM + VLDL fraction is concerned. However, changes seen from 7 to 9 d.p.i. involve the LDL and HDL fractions and may reflect alterations in lipid and/or lipoprotein synthesis in the liver and intestine.
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PMID:The effect of Eimeria acervulina infection on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in young broiler chicks. 321 27

The 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of the digestive gland-gonad complex (DGG) of the schistosome vector Biomphalaria glabrata was characterized and the effects of infection by Schistosoma mansoni noted. The in vivo spectrum was comprised of 11 peaks, 5 downfield and 6 upfield of an external 85% phosphoric acid standard. Based on a variety of analytical procedures, the upfield peaks from the standard were demonstrated to be composed of carbamoyl phosphate + a mixture of 3 phosphatides and sphingomyelin, the gamma + beta phosphorus resonances of nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) and nucleotide diphosphate (NDP), respectively, the alpha phosphorus resonances of NTP + NDP, NAD(H) + the phosphorus resonance of uridine phosphate from uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG), the phosphorus resonance of glucose phosphate from UDPG and, last, the beta phosphorus resonance of NTP. The downfield peaks were assigned as glycerophosphoryl choline, intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi), sugar phosphates + phosphoryl choline, aminoethyl phosphonate (AEP), and ceramide AEP. T1 values for the in vivo NMR components were determined by inversion recovery. Infection produced distinct alterations in the levels of nonnucleotide components of the in vivo 31P NMR spectrum and the spectra of tissue extracts. Specifically, the levels of phosphonate, phospholipids, and carbamoyl phosphate were markedly reduced, and the relative level of Pi was increased. The potential significance of these changes to the parasite-host relationship was discussed. In contrast, starvation resulted in a decreased level of phosphonate only. The pH of the intact DGG was estimated by titrating the inorganic phosphate component of tissue extracts. The mean pH was 6.9 for both control and infected material.
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PMID:Characterization of the 31P NMR spectrum of the schistosome vector Biomphalaria glabrata and of the changes following infection by Schistosoma mansoni. 357 67

1. The total lipid level of the digestive gland-gonad complex of Biomphalaria glabrata was reduced by starvation and elevated following infection with Schistosoma mansoni. 2. The lipid classes of B. glabrata were phospholipid, monoglyceride, free fatty acid, triglyceride, sterol ester and wax and a single unidentified lipid. The major lipid present in control, starved and infected tissue was sterol. Triglyceride was a minor component of control tissue. 3. Starvation reduced the relative level of the unidentified lipid but had little effect on triglyceride. 4. Infection also caused a decrease in the unidentified component but the triglyceride level was sharply elevated. 5. The phospholipid fraction of tissue from all groups was composed of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine. Infection and starvation had little effect on the composition.
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PMID:Effect of Schistosoma mansoni on the gross lipid composition of its vector Biomphalaria glabrata. 362 3


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