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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Feeding effects on hypertrehalosemic hormone (HTH) transcript levels in corpora cardiaca (CC) of adult females of the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis were measured using dot blot hybridization. HTH transcript levels were nearly doubled in CC from females withheld from food and water for ten days compared to CC from fed females. The increase in HTH-mRNA was a response to starvation, not dehydration, and reversed within 2 days after exposure to food. HTH-mRNA was elevated in CC from fed insects that had their recurrent nerve severed, but low fecal output by insects with severed nerves indicated that feeding and digestion were impaired. Thus, the increased HTH synthesis likely resulted from starvation rather than disruption of neural regulation. CC from starved females that were refed with either solutions or agar that contained glucose did not show down-regulation of HTH-mRNA. Likewise, injections of glucose or trehalose did not suppress HTH-mRNA levels in CC of starving insects. Down-regulation of the starvation-related increase in HTH-mRNA appears to be a response to consumption of a complex of nutrients and not to increased carbohydrates or mechanical aspects of feeding.
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PMID:Feeding effects on gene expression of the hypertrehalosemic hormone in the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. 1277 Apr 33

Dopamine-deficient (DD) mice have selective inactivation of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in dopaminergic neurons, and they die of starvation and dehydration at 3-4 weeks of age. Daily injections of L-DOPA (50 mg/kg, i.p.) starting approximately 2 weeks after birth allow these animals to eat and drink enough for survival and growth. They are hyperactive for 6-9 h after receiving L-DOPA and become hypoactive thereafter. Because these animals can be tested in the presence or absence of DA, they were used to determine whether DA is necessary for learning to occur. DD mice were tested for learning to swim to an escape platform in a straight alley in the presence (30 min after an L-DOPA injection) or absence (22-24 h after an L-DOPA injection) of dopamine. The groups were split 24 h later and retested 30 min or 22-24 h after their last L-DOPA injection. In the initial test, DD mice without dopamine showed no evidence of learning, whereas those with dopamine had a learning curve similar in slope to controls but significantly slower. A retest after 24 h showed that DD mice can learn and remember in the absence of dopamine, leading to the inference that the lack of dopamine results in a performance/motivational decrement that masks their learning competence for this relatively simple task.
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PMID:The role of dopamine in learning, memory, and performance of a water escape task. 1468 49

Identifying the concerns of terminal cancer patients and respecting their wishes is important in clinical decision-making concerning the provision of artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH). The aim of this study was to discover terminal cancer patients' wishes and determine influencing factors toward the provision of ANH. One hundred and ninety-seven patients with terminal cancer, admitted to a palliative care unit in Taiwan over a two-year period, completed a questionnaire interview, which included demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes on ANH, the health locus of control, subjective norms, and the wishes to use ANH. One hundred and fifty-four patients (78.2%) used ANH in the past month. A knowledge test on issues related to ANH showed the rates of accurate responses were ranked as: peripheral intravenous route can only provide hydration (48.7%), excessive artificial nutrition may increase the proliferation of cancer cells (32%), ANH can prolong life expectancy for all patients (17.3%), and ANH can prevent all patients from starving to death (5.6%). The strongest attitude of patients toward the potential benefit of ANH was "it can provide the body need with nutrition and hydration when inability to eat or drink occurs." Otherwise, the strongest attitude toward the potential burdens of ANH was "gastrostomy makes the illness worse." One hundred and twenty-two of 197 patients (62.9%) expressed their wishes to have ANH. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the experience of using a nasogastric tube and intravenous fluids, and subjective norms were the most significant variables related to the wishes of patients to use ANH (odds ratio [OR]=11.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]=3.20-38.64; OR=2.51, 95% CI=1.22-5.15, OR=1.30, 95% CI=1.05--1.60, respectively). However, the use of artificial nutrition was negatively affected by the knowledge of ANH (OR=0.53, 95% CI=0.37-0.84). In conclusion, Taiwanese patients with terminal cancer have insufficient knowledge about AHN and still believe in the benefits of ANH, especially in avoiding dehydration or starvation. The findings of this study indicate the importance of medical professional training and decision-making in the initial consideration of using ANH. By improving the knowledge about ANH among patients, more appropriate decisions can be achieved.
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PMID:Terminal cancer patients' wishes and influencing factors toward the provision of artificial nutrition and hydration in Taiwan. 1501 99

We used an 8987-EST collection to construct a cDNA microarray system with various genomics information (full-length cDNA, expression profile, high accuracy genome sequence, phenotype, genetic map, and physical map) in rice. This array was used as a probe to hybridize target RNAs prepared from normally grown callus of rice and from callus treated for 6 hr or 3 days with the hormones abscisic acid (ABA) or gibberellin (GA). We identified 509 clones, including many clones that had never been annotated as ABA-or GA-responsive. These genes included not only ABA- or GA-responsive genes but also genes responsive to other physiological conditions such as pathogen infection, heat shock, and metal ion stress. Comparison of ABA- and GA-responsive genes revealed antagonistic regulation for these genes by both hormones except for one defense-related gene, thionin. The gene for thionin was up-regulated by both hormone treatments for 3 days. The upstream regions of all the genes that were regulated by both hormones had cis-elements for ABA and GA response. We performed a clustering analysis of genes regulated by both hormones and various expression profiles that showed three notable clusters (seed tissues, low temperature and sugar starvation, and thionin-gene related). A comparison of the cis-elements for hormone response genes between rice and Arabidopsis thaliana, we identified cis-elements for dehydration-stress response or for expression of amylase gene as Arabidopsis gene-specific or rice gene-specific, respectively.
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PMID:Genomics approach to abscisic acid- and gibberellin-responsive genes in rice. 1502 56

Terminal sedation (TS) is a recently coined term that may apply to a variety of practices with differing ethical implications. Two hypothetical cases are presented and contrasted. The first presents the more common scenario in which sedation is used for severe distress in a patient very close to death, who has stopped eating and drinking. The second case is more problematic: a nonterminally ill spinal cord injury patient requests sedation because of psychic distress. Sedation is supported in the former, but not the latter case. Suggested principles guiding the ethical use of sedation are: (1) While respect for autonomy is important, we are not obliged under all circumstances to provide sedation. (2) Physician intent matters. In providing sedation the physician's primary intent should be to alleviate suffering. (3) Reasonable inferences of intent can be made from physician actions, providing safeguards to ensure proper care. Sedatives should be titrated to observable signs of distress. (4) Proximity to death is a more useful concept than terminality in weighing benefits and burdens of sedation. (5) The nature of physician action should depend upon the nature of the suffering. Not all suffering is appropriately treated with sedation. (6) In patients close to death who have already stopped eating and drinking, sedation cannot be said to hasten death through dehydration or starvation. (7) Where TS is otherwise appropriate and where dehydration may in fact hasten death, ethical concerns may be addressed through informed consent. If hydration is refused, TS cannot be considered synonymous with euthanasia.
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PMID:Terminal sedation: ethical implications in different situations. 1585 72

Neglect, defined as the failure of a caregiver to adequately provide safety, food, clothing, shelter, education, protection, medical/dental care, and supervision for a child in his/her care, is a relatively uncommon but important cause of child mortality. A retrospective review of pediatric deaths (age 18 years or less) referred to the Medical University of South Carolina Forensic Pathology Office for autopsy over the past 25 years revealed 16 deaths due to some type of pediatric neglect. Cases were analyzed as to age, sex, race, cause and manner of death, autopsy findings, ancillary studies, past medical history, social/family history, and caregiver. Six cases of malnutrition/starvation and/or dehydration were identified, composing the most common cause of death in the neglect cases identified and the majority of the homicides due to neglect. Other deaths in which neglect contributed significantly included toxic ingestions (2 cases), hyper-/hypothermia (2 cases), unusual drowning/aspiration (4 cases), electrocution (1 case), and delayed/absent medical therapy (2 cases, including one of the previously mentioned ingestions). Of these additional cases, 7 were certified as accidental manner, 2 as natural, and 1 as a homicide. Cases which fell into a "gray zone" in which the appropriateness of invoking neglect was a matter of opinion or societal convention were excluded from the review; examples included conventional accidental drowning, choking on food or aspiration of foreign body, overlying/wedging during sleep, accidental hanging, and motor-vehicle traffic accidents (pedestrians, unrestrained passengers). The findings of this review reinforce the fact that malnutrition/starvation and dehydration compose the most common form of lethal pediatric neglect while highlighting less common forms of neglect and the difficulty of determining manner of death in cases in which neglect plays a more questionable role than in seemingly clear-cut malnutrition/starvation and dehydration cases. We demonstrate the typical victim and scenario that investigators will encounter in cases of fatal pediatric neglect, often a child under the age of 1 year who has been deprived of food and/or drink for some time, or an older, more independently mobile child who has not been adequately supervised. These children may or may not have a demonstrable prior history of maltreatment or (nonfatal) neglect, and review of medical records is an important part of the investigation. We additionally discuss key gross autopsy findings, appropriate specimen collection, helpful ancillary studies, microscopic findings of significance, potential mimickers of neglect, and other special considerations in cases of pediatric neglect.
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PMID:A 25-year retrospective review of deaths due to pediatric neglect. 1612 Oct 76

Survival of nymphs and adult males and females of potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), on six potato (Solanum spp.) genotypes with varied levels of resistance was evaluated and related to type, density, and droplet/head size of foliar glandular trichomes. Survival was greater on Solanum tuberosum cultivars ('Allegany' and 'Elba') compared with accessions of the wild S. berthaultii (PI 473331 and PI 473334). The barrier provided by glandular trichomes may affect survival of E.fabae by restricting nymph and adult feeding. PI 473331 was the most pubescent host, bearing type A and type B trichomes and the most unsuitable host for E. fabae. Allegany possesses leaflets with low trichome densities and small gland diameter and was the most suitable host for adult E. fabae survival. Females generally had higher survival rates than males. Nymphal and adult leafhoppers differed greatly in their survival rates, particularly on S. tuberosum x S. berthaultii hybrids (Q174-2 and NY123). Interestingly, nymphs had longer (190 d) mean lethal time (LT50) than adults (31 d) when held on Q174-2, and a lower LT50 (19 d) when held on NY123 compared with adults (104 d). Starvation, dehydration, or both were likely associated with mortality of nymphs confined on PI 473331 and PI 473334. Nymphs on these accessions died at a comparable rate to those confined on a starvation treatment and more rapidly than those supplied with water only, sucrose solution or other potato genotypes. Darkened trichome exudates were observed on insects held on PI 473331 and PI 473334, consistent with previous reports that glandular trichomes of S. berthaultii contain phenolic oxidation chemistry. This study aids in the identification of the probable mechanisms of resistance to E. fabae used by S. berthaulti and its hybrids with S. tuberosum.
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PMID:Aspects of potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) biology on Solanum berthaultii and other potato genotypes. 1633 43

Nitric oxide has been suggested to be involved in the regulation of fluid and nutrient homeostasis. In the present investigation, vasopressin and nitric oxide metabolite (nitrite and nitrate) levels were determined in plasma of male Wistar rats submitted to water or food deprivation for three days. Hematocrit and plasma sodium showed marked increase in dehydrated and starved rats. Potassium levels and plasma volume decreased in both treated groups. Plasma osmolality and vasopressin levels were significantly elevated in water deprived (362.8 +/- 7.1 mOsm/kg H2O, 17.3 +/- 2.7 pg/ml, respectively, p < 0.001) rats, but not in food deprived (339.9 +/- 5.0, 1.34 +/- 0.28) rats, compared to the controls (326.1 +/- 4.1, 1.47 +/- 0.32). The alterations observed in plasma vasopressin levels were related to plasma osmolality rather than plasma volume. Plasma levels of nitrite and nitrate were markedly increased in both water and food deprived rats (respectively, 2.19 +/- 0.29 mg/l and 2.22 +/- 0.17 mg/l versus 1.33 +/- 0.19 mg/l, both p < 0.01). There was a significant negative correlation between plasma nitrite and nitrate concentration and plasma volume. These results suggest that both dehydration and starvation increase plasma nitric oxide, probably by activation of nitric oxide synthases. The release of nitric oxide may participate in the regulation of the alteration in blood flow, fluid and nutrient metabolism caused by water deprivation or starvation.
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PMID:Vasopressin and nitric oxide synthesis after three days of water or food deprivation. 1664 20

Oral rehydration therapy and feeding for patients with diarrhea recommended by physicians who had attended the short course "Practical Approach to Common GI Problems" were compared with The Royal College of Pediatricians of Thailand Expert Committee on Gastrointestinal System's (RCPedT) Recommendations. A questionnaire was sent to physicians who had attended the short course. Physicians recommended a variety of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) which were different from RCPedT's recommendations. 42.6% of physicians recommended WHO/ORS, 54.1% recommended commercial ORS and 3.3% recommended any form of ORS. The other form of ORS, 59.0% of physicians recommended was carbonated drinks (nonphysiologic ORS) and 40.9% recommended home mixing of ORS. 55.7% of respondents recommended ORT for mild or moderate dehydration and 29.5% for mild or no dehydration only 14.8% of the physicians followed the guidelines. Although RCPedT WHO and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Nutrition stated that vomiting was not a contraindication to successful use of ORT but vomiting was the most common reason (86.9%) given by respondents for failure of ORT and vomiting was the reason for starvation as well (11.5%). Early feeding of appropriate food 80.3% of respondents followed the guidelines but only 50.7% of respondents recommended breast feeding for children younger than 1 year old.
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PMID:Acute diarrhea's recommendations on oral rehydration therapy and feeding. 1685 34

Keto-acidosis is usually associated with uncontrolled diabetes and typically poses few diagnostic problems when presenting as hyperglycaemia, metabolic acidosis and a high anion gap. An emaciated patient suffering from Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and volume depletion presented with acidosis of unknown origin. Preliminary investigations appeared to rule out lactic acidosis, diabetic keto-acidosis and acidosis due to base loss. We have previously reported a technique utilizing liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) which can be used to characterize the underlying aetiology of acidosis and applied it to ultrafiltrate derived from a blood sample taken from this patient. The anion profile obtained on the chromatogram showed elevated levels of acetoacetate and hydroxybutyrate but no evidence of lactic acidosis, nor was the profile typical of that seen in 'unexplained' acidosis. We concluded that the patient was suffering from keto-acidosis associated with starvation and dehydration, the biochemical features being obscured by both the patient's chronic malnutrition and minimal muscle mass. A combination of enteral feeding and rehydration led to prompt resolution of the patient's metabolic acidosis.
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PMID:Unexplained acidosis of malnutrition: a study by ion-exchange chromatography/mass spectrometry. 1708 May


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