Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038187 (starvation)
 24,951 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The production of interferons in blood and milk leukocytes of three groups of cows was measured to determine the effect of 6-days cold treatment (-2 degrees to -8 degrees C) and/or starving. The first group (cold) was treated with low ambient temperature (-2 degrees C to -8 degrees C) 11 hours every day for 6 days, the second (cold and starved) was treated with low temperature and starved for 6 days. The third group (controls) was fed normally and kept in a barn at room temperature (18 degrees to 20 degrees C). The leukocytes of the control and the cold treated cows responded normally to interferon induction with Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and mitogens: phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA). The cows treated with low temperature and starved for 6 days developed biochemical blood changes of ketosis. Leukocytes of these cows with ketosis produced less interferon (p less than 0.05) than before starvation and less than leukocytes of the control cows and the cold treated cows. It can be assumed that ketosis caused by starving decreases the ability of a cow's leukocytes to produce interferons.
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PMID:Effects of cold treatment and ketosis induced by starvation on interferon production in leukocytes of lactating cows. 137 41

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is produced in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) as a 255-amino acid precursor (pro-TRH) with 5 TRH progenitor sequences. Pro-TRH is enzymatically processed to yield TRH and other peptides, which are transported to the median eminence and released into hypophysial portal blood. To elucidate the role of TRH in the control of thyroid function, we studied hypothalamic TRH synthesis and release in many conditions. TRH synthesis and release were assessed by pro-TRH mRNA measurement, and by sampling portal blood or push-pull perfusate, respectively. Destruction of the PVN reduced TRH and TSH secretion dramatically, while electrical stimulation of this nucleus enhanced their release. Hence, the PVN is important for normal TSH secretion. TRH synthesis and release decreased in hyperthyroid rats, but increased in hypothyroid rats. The magnitude of these changes, however, was small compared with alterations in TSH, suggesting that the feedback of thyroid hormones on TSH release is mainly exerted at the pituitary level. TRH synthesis and release increased during cold exposure, and decreased during starvation and diabetes. Thus, altered thyroid function during cold exposure, diabetes and starvation seems due to modified hypothalamic TRH synthesis and release.
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PMID:Regulation of hypothalamic TRH production and release in the rat. 151 60

1. Activities of trout liver glucose dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.1.1.47) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD, EC 1.1.1.49) were increased after a sudden drop in water temperature, but not in long-time cold acclimated as compared with warm acclimated trout. 2. Possibly, the activities of GDH and G6PD were temporarily increased in connection with metabolic adaptation to the lower temperature. 3. The activities of GDH and G6PD were not changed by the stress of handling. 4. Partially purified trout liver GDH has a lower activation energy with glucose than with glucose-6-phosphate as substrate, and the Km (glucose) decreases with decreasing assay temperature. 5. At low temperatures, the activity of trout liver GDH with glucose as substrate may be comparable to that of glucose-6-phosphate. 6. Partially purified beef liver GDH has a high activation energy with glucose as substrate, and the Km (glucose) does not change with the assay temperature. 7. Hexokinase (HK, EC 2.7.1.1) and GDH activities were unchanged when trout were deprived of food for 4 weeks. Apparently, the trout liver glucose utilization did not adapt to the starvation.
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PMID:Glucose dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase in liver of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Effects of starvation and temperature variations. 176 17

The p107wee1 protein kinase plays a central role in regulating the cell cycle of fission yeast. It mediates transmission of signal(s) related to the nutritional status of the cell to the p34cdc2 protein kinase, which is an active component of the MPF complex driving cells into mitosis. p107wee1 is itself subject to control by the products of other genes such as nim1+/cdr1+, win1+, and perhaps wis1+ and other wis+ genes. At present, the relationships between these genes and their possible roles in the mitotic control are unclear and must await further analysis (Fig. 5). It is likely that some of the gene products are concerned with the sensing and/or transmission of nutritional signals. p107wee1 negatively regulates the activity of p34cdc2, probably by direct tyrosine phosphorylation, and also appears to regulate the activities of the cdc1+ and cdc27+ gene products. The effects of nitrogen starvation and of wee1 mutations on conditional lethal mutations at the cdc1, cdc2, and cdc27 loci, taken together, support the largely speculative model shown in Figure 5. During the normal cycle, the balance between phosphorylated and dephosphorylated p34cdc2 changes such that at the appropriate time, p34cdc2 is activated and the cell enters mitosis. We suggest that the cdc1+ and cdc27+ products may be regulated in a similar way. Such a mechanism would ensure coordinated activation of these and perhaps other proteins required for the G2/M transition. There are, of course, many uncertainties, and these must await elucidation by biochemical and genetic analysis.
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1991
PMID:New elements in the mitotic control of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 181 10

Glycogen synthase (GS) activity was characterized in rat brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the activity was found to be much higher than that in white adipose tissue. Prolonged starvation had no effect on the active form of GS, as found in the liver and muscle. The GS activity was similar in BAT of rats housed in an animal room (21 +/- 1 degree) whether they were fed on high-carbohydrate, high-fat, or stock diets. Acclimatization of rats to cold (4 +/- 1 degree) for 2 weeks significantly increased GS activity. This increase in the cold was fivefold greater when rats were fed on high-carbohydrate diets than in control rats at room temperature fed on an identical diet. The increase was accompanied by a large accumulation of glycogen in BAT. It was concluded that GS may play an important role in BAT and may contribute to the control of blood glucose in a cold environment. Its relevance to thermogenesis requires further elucidation.
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PMID:Does the glycogen synthase (EC 2.4.1.21) of brown adipose tissue play a regulatory role in glucose homeostasis? 193 10

Methods of investigating perinatal loss in grazing sheep flocks are reviewed and evaluated. The "wet-dry" method is the simplest method for assessing minimal prevalence, whereas the differences between the numbers of single and twin foetuses present at ultrasonic determination of litter size during pregnancy, and the numbers of single and twin lambs present at lamb-marking, is the most precise. The veterinary investigation of field mortality involves full autopsy of a representative sample of dead lambs, a history of prenatal nutrition, disease and husbandry, as well as a qualitative estimate of weather conditions over the period of lamb collection. Pathological processes may be identified in over 95% of deaths and the specific cause determined in about 75% of deaths. The identification of the specific causes in the remainder of deaths, all classified as the starvation-mismothering-exposure (SME) complex, requires intensive, costly, on-site observation, and physiological and biochemical assessment. The probable causes of these deaths include prenatal physiological handicaps resulting from placental insufficiency, aberrant parent-offspring behaviour, management-induced mismothering, misadventure, inadequate milk supply or teat and udder abnormalities, and cold-induced starvation. The gross pathology and pathophysiology of birth stress and the SME complex, which are associated with at least 80% of mortality, are summarised. Birth injury to the foetal central nervous system, characterised by cranial and spinal meningeal haemorrhage is exclusive to parturient deaths and the SME complex. Observed flock prevalences range from 81% to 100% in parturient deaths, and 20% to 57% in the SME complex. The high total prevalence and experimental evidence, indicate the major causal role of birth stress in the pathogenesis of these entities. Lethal congenital malformations, infections (both congenital and acquired after birth), trace element deficiencies and predation are reviewed as minor causes. The new understanding of the pathogenesis of perinatal lamb mortality, recognises the heritable nature of birth mass, maternal pelvic dimensions, parent-offspring behaviour, and the resistance of neonates to cold. Control measures need to incorporate selection for maternal rearing ability, further refinement of prenatal nutritional management of twin-bearing ewes, disease control, provision of shelter for lambing flocks, and avoidance of husbandry practices which frustrate innate parent-offspring behaviour. A selection programme is summarised.
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PMID:Perinatal lamb mortality--its investigation, causes and control. 194 95

We have used the cold-clamping technique to study the changes in acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity that occur in the cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions of the liver of fed, starved and starved-refed rats. No evidence was found for a role of the mitochondrial enzyme as a pool from which cytosolic carboxylase could be replenished upon refeeding of starved rats. Starvation for 24 h or 48 h induced changes in the expressed (assayed at 20 mM-citrate), total (citrate- and phosphatase-treated) and citrate-independent activities of cytosolic carboxylase, as well as in its Ka for citrate. The expressed/total activity ratio was low even in the fed state and was depressed further by starvation. The effects of refeeding occurred in two phases: an acute phase (approx. 1 h) in which the starvation-induced changes in Ka and expressed/total activity ratio were rapidly reversed, and a prolonged slow phase in which the two parameters attained values that were lower and higher, respectively, than those in the normal fed state. Refeeding also resulted in a gradual increase in citrate-independent activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. An additional marked increase in this activity occurred only in 48 h-starved-refed rats between 24 h and 48 h of refeeding. These findings are discussed in terms of the observed time courses of changes in lipogenic rates that occur in vivo in starved-refed rats and of the possible molecular mechanisms involved.
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PMID:Changes in the properties of cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase studied in cold-clamped liver samples from fed, starved and starved-refed rats. 198 63

The hepatic glucose uptake of male garden lizards did not change during maturation but showed a decline between middle-aged and old age groups. The decline in glucose uptake following starvation and cold stress was age-dependent, the young and middle-aged lizards being more responsive than the old counterparts.
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PMID:Age-related responses of hepatic glucose uptake to starvation and cold stress in male garden lizards. 207 26

1. The effect of starvation-refeeding transition and cold exposure on the activity of lipogenic enzymes in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and liver from rats was compared. 2. Starvation caused a decrease of lipogenic enzyme activities in BAT and liver. 3. Refeeding of the animals with a high carbohydrate diet caused an increase of lipogenic enzymes in these tissues. 4. Cold exposure (4 degrees C for 30 days) led to the increase of BAT enzyme activities to the values observed in rats fed a high carbohydrate diet. 5. Under the same conditions the activity of hepatic lipogenic enzymes also increased but never reached the values observed in the liver of rats fed with a high carbohydrate diet. 6. Therefore BAT and liver lipogenic enzymes showed, in general, a similar pattern of variation under identical nutritional conditions, but substantial differences between these two organs occurred as far as the response to cold exposure was concerned. 7. The experiments also revealed that in the control animals BAT displayed a higher lipogenic potential than the liver.
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PMID:Comparative studies on lipogenic enzyme activities in brown adipose tissue and liver of the rat during starvation-refeeding transition and cold exposure. 225 82

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is characterized by the existence of a unique mitochondrial protein (uncoupling protein or UCP) that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and thus allows heat production. Its role in thermogenesis has been emphasized in recent years in response to cold stress (nonshivering thermogenesis, NST) as well as to hyperphagia (diet-induced thermogenesis, DIT). The present work was a first attempt to determine whether varying nutritional conditions could affect UCP gene expression. Total RNA was isolated from interscapular BAT and hybridized with a cDNA probe for UCP. Changes in UCP mRNA level were studied in rats fasted and refed for various periods at 23 or 28 degrees C. A 2 d fast at 23 degrees C reduced UCP mRNA level, whereas refeeding increased it. A prolonged starvation (53 h) induced an unexpected rise in UCP mRNA, which was associated with a fall in body temperature. Increasing the ambient temperature to thermoneutrality (28 degrees C) suppressed the fall in body temperature as well as the rise in UCP mRNA, which could then be characterized as a cold-induced response. Under the same environmental conditions (28 degrees C), refeeding still triggered a sharp, though transient, increase in UCP mRNA, showing that DIT was dissociated from NST.
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PMID:Effects of fasting and refeeding on the level of uncoupling protein mRNA in rat brown adipose tissue: evidence for diet-induced and cold-induced responses. 226 17


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