Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038002 (splenomegaly)
 9,873 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A limited number of biologically active materials were examined for their relative ability to selectively inhibit the replication of Gross or Rauscher murine leukemia virus (MLV) in Swiss mouse embryo cells by means of the UV-XC plaque-reduction assay. Among the compounds demonstrating significant antiviral activity against Gross MLV in vitro were 1-(4-fluorobenzyloxy) adenosine (FBAR), polyadenylic acid [poly(A)], the carbocyclic analogue of 6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside (C-MeMPR), 3-(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazonemethyl)rifamycin SV (AF/DNFI), and phosphonoacetic acid (PAA). Five compounds that exhibited significant antiviral activity against MLV in vitro were tested for similar activity against Rauscher MLV in vivo. Three of these selected compounds, pyrazofurin (pyrazomycin), ribavirin (Virazole), and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), produced a significant (50%-100%) inhibition of virus-induced splenomegaly development in mice, whereas the other two candidate inhibitors, 3-deazauridine (deazaUR) and rifamycin SV, the other two candidate inhibitors, 3-deazauridine (deazaUR) and rifamycin SV, failed to demonstrate any in vivo activity in this 21-day leukemogenesis assay. The administration of an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (Co-vidarabine) in combination with ara-A resulted in an enhanced antiviral response in both infected cell cultures and animals. Co-vidarabine also increased the potency of ara-AMP against Gross MLV in vitro, indicating the probable dephosphorylation of the compound to ara-A and its subsequent deamination to ara-H in this system.
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PMID:Selective inhibition of RNA tumor virus replication in vitro and evaluation of candidate antiviral agents in vivo. 28 Jan 46

The present study was carried out to establish a human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) mouse model by transplantation of a JOK-1 human CLL cell line into SCID (severe combined immunodeficient) mice and to examine anti-leukemic effects of fludarabine phosphate, a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine (2F-ara-A). In vitro cytotoxic screening pattern of 2F-ara-A differed from those of other anticancer agents. Intraperitoneal inoculation with JOK-1 cells in SCID mice allowed the cells to infiltrate into a variety of organs including the liver and thymus, and resulted in the death of the mice with a median survival time of 29.5 days, associated with hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and enlarged lymph nodes. The ascitic cells expressing the human B-lymphocytic cell surface antigen CD19 actually grew after a latent period of 15 days. In this model, twice daily administration of fludarabine phosphate at a dose of 135 mg/kg for 5 days prolonged the survival time of the mice for considerably longer period than once-a-day treatment. Fludarabine phosphate in the doubled course of twice daily increased life span of 32.9%, which was in a similar range to that of doxorubicin. Thus, intraperitoneal inoculation of the human JOK-1 CLL cells into SCID mice seems to serve as an animal model potentially for human leukemia, suggesting that transplantation and subsequent infiltration processes of human CLL cells is useful measures to explore mechanistic aspects for drug-induced modulation of the tumor progression.
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PMID:A human B-cell CLL model established by transplantation of JOK-1 cells into SCID mice and an anti-leukemia efficacy of fludarabine phosphate. 1060 87

Despite nine studies reporting the results achieved when treating patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with interferon (rIFNalpha) and cytarabine (araC), the optimal doses and schedule for this combination remain to be determined. Results of imatinib mesylate (STI-571) in chronic phase CML are preliminary, thus, trials of rIFNalpha-2b/araC in CML are of continued interest. We report the results of CALGB study 9013, providing a 10-year follow-up on 88 evaluable previously untreated patients. Cycles of therapy with rIFNalpha-2b and araC sufficient to cause a decline in either the white blood cell (WBC) count to < 2000/microl or platelets to < 50,000/microl were given. The starting dose of rIFNalpha-2b was 5 million units (mu)/m2/day subcutaneously (s.c.) and of araC 10 mg/m2 twice daily s.c. Treatment was discontinued when cytopenia occurred and was restarted when both the WBC and platelet counts had recovered. Bone marrow was obtained regularly for morphologic, cytogenetic and molecular studies. Medians at entry included age 48 years, WBC = 89,900/microl and platelets = 345,000/microl. The performance status was 0 or 1 in 88%; splenomegaly was present in 46%. Fifty five (63%) patients had a complete hematologic response and 10 (11%) had a partial hematologic response for an overall response rate of 74%. Median time to best response was 5.3 months. Median survival for all patients from study entry was 81 months, the 5-year survival probability was 65%. When 28 patients were censored at the time of bone marrow transplantation the median survival was 82 months. Grade 3 anorexia, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea developed in 15, 27, 13 and 7%, respectively. Mild to moderate elevations of transaminases occurred in 42%, and were severe in 5%. Sixty-three patients had adequate follow-up cytogenetic studies: 10 had a complete cytogenetic response (CCyR), 23 partial (PCyR, 50-99% normal cells), 20 minor and 10 no response (CALGB criteria). Thus, the CCyR plus PCyR rate among these 63 patients was 52%. Assuming the 25 patients with no cytogenetic follow-up as non-responders, 38% of the 88 patients had at least a PCyR. The median time to CCyR or PCyR was 5.6 months. The median time to best response in these 33 patients was 10.0 months, and median duration of cytogenetic response was 28 months. Cytogenetic responders had significantly longer survival than non-responders (p = 0.01) using a landmark analysis at 18 months. This intermittent schedule of rIFNalpha-2b/ara-C has a high response rate in patients with CML with acceptable toxicity.
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PMID:Treatment of the chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia with an intermittent schedule of recombinant interferon alfa-2b and cytarabine: results from CALGB study 9013. 1269 Nov 41

Basic and therapeutic trial results obtained in the spontaneous AK leukemia (lymphoma) model have been brought together for comparison with available information on the much used transplanted murine leukemia models and human leukemias and lymphomas. The etiologic agent for "spontaneous" AK lymphoma is an RNA virus present at birth in AKR mice. Lymphoma cells first appear in the thymuses of animals at 5-->12 months of age. The time lapse between the first appearance of viable lymphoma cells in the thymus and clinical diagnosis (eg, with about 10(9) widely disseminated viable plus nonviable lymphoma cells in the host) is about 1 month. Thus, the overall doubling time of lymphoma cells before diagnosis is about 1 day. This estimate is compatible with the doubling time of relatively small numbers of first-passage lymphoma cells, assay data on the rate of repopulation of viable lymphoma cells after therapeutic reduction, and the median intermitotic time of dividing lymphoma cells (ie, 0.6 day). In general, the cytokinetic parameters of advanced spontaneous AK lymphoma cell populations are more like those observed in advanced human leukemias than are those of early L1210 leukemia. This paper presents assay data on the reduction in viable spontaneous AK lymphoma cells after treatment with a variety of agents, and the rate of cell repopulation after cessation of treatment. Extensive therapeutic trial data indicate that cyclophosphamide is presently the most effective single agent against spontaneous AK lymphoma, with arabinosylcytosine or palmO-ara-C a close second. Daunomycin, 5-fluorouracil, the nitrosoureas, vincristine, methotrexate, and dexamethasone provided moderate increases in host survival time. The combination of vincristine plus prednisone was a good remission inducer but the median survival time after cessation of treatment was shorter than that observed for cyclophosphamide or palmO-araC. The best responses observed to date with two-drug combinations appear better on several scores than the best that have been observed with single drugs. The best overall responses observed to date with two-drug combinations were with palmO-ara-C plus methyl-CCNU, cyclophosphamide plus methyl-CCNU, and palmO-ara-C plus cyclophosphamide. Some three- and four-drug combinations have provided better therapeutic responses than have been observed with single agents but not significantly better than those obtained with two-drug combinations. Splenomegaly assays carried out immediately after cessation of treatment and 60 days and longer after cessation of treatment, suggest that eradication of all viable lymphoma cells is being achieved in some animals by combination chemotherapy; however, such animals eventually die of lymphoma, presumably as a result of the reinduction of a second lymphoma cell population. The requirements for permanent "cure" of spontaneous lymphoma in AKR mice include eradication of all viable lymphoma cells and prevention of reinduction. Two major differences between early L1210 leukemia and clinically diagnosed spontaneous AK lymphoma are the degree of disease advancement at the time therapy is usually started (and associated cytokinetic differences) and the reinduction problem in AKR mice. Spontaneous AK lymphoma is relatively more advanced at diagnosis than is acute leukemia in man (ie, with respect to nearness of the host to death), and it is presumed that the reinduction problem in AKR mice is more acute and more prevalent than in human neoplastic disease.
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PMID:Basic and therapeutic trial results obtained in the spontaneous AK leukemia (lymphoma) model-end of 1971. 1905 88