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Query: UMLS:C0038002 (splenomegaly)
 9,873 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seeking to determine whether there is a relationship in New Guineans between hepatic sinusoidal infiltration and splenomegaly on the one hand and malaria on the other, the authors studied 24 adults from a village protected from malaria for 5 years by 6-monthly DDT spraying and 34 adults from an unprotected village with hyperendemic malaria.It was found that clinical splenomegaly tended to be associated with greater hepatic sinusoidal infiltration among persons from the malarious village and that higher malaria antibody titres were more common in patients with splenomegaly in this village. In adults in the protected village the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia was much lower than in the malarious village and the sinusoidal infiltrates were also diminished.No associations between parasitaemia, malaria antibody titre, and hepatic sinusoidal infiltration could be demonstrated in the malarious village. The implications of these findings are discussed and the question of malaria being responsible for the marked splenomegaly encountered in tropical practice is discussed.
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PMID:Splenomegaly in New Guinea. 529 59

Neither the use of DDT nor chemoprophylaxis has significantly reduced malaria morbidity and mortality, especially among children. Low-technology measures of reducing man/vector contact are gaining in popularity. Malaria control trials in various sub-Saharan African countries show the promise of permethrin-treated bed nets. Researchers have compared the effect of permethrin-treated bed net use with that of chemoprophylaxis (maloprim) in 17 villages in a primary health care scheme in a rural area of the Gambia. They also gave some children a placebo. 86% of adults in the study area already used bed nets, but only 28% realized mosquitoes caused malaria. The permethrin-treated bed nets had a protective efficacy for overall mortality and malaria-specific mortality of 63% and 70%, respectively, in children from intervention villages. These bed nets reduced malaria morbidity and mortality, even though not all bed nets were impregnated with the target dose of permethrin and 50% of bed nets were laundered at least once a month. The bed nets were effective when people were under them, but not when the people were outdoors. Chemoprophylaxis did not reduce clinical episodes of malaria, prevalence of enlarged spleen, or the presence of parasites. Village reporters and the verbal autopsy technique may have underestimated the actual malaria mortality, however. Bed net impregnation was very cost effective and was as effective as other public health interventions, e.g., measles vaccination. The results of trials in other sub-Saharan countries will provide information on the success of bed net impregnation in areas with more intense malaria transmission and whose mosquito control measures are different from those in the Gambia.
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PMID:Malaria: keeping the mosquitoes at bay. 810 60

In Indian villages with high malaria endemicity use of nylon bednets treated at 25 mg/m2 at 6-month intervals for 3 years caused significant reductions in malaria incidence, slide positivity rate, slide falciparum rate, annual parasite index, and parasite rate in the entire population, as well as reductions in rates of splenomegaly and anemia in children. In villages with untreated nets, considerable reduction also occurred in these parameters except for the rate of splenomegaly. In the village without nets, a relatively small drop occurred in the parasite rate and anemia but no change occurred in malaria incidence, and an increase occurred in the rate of splenomegaly. The trial thus showed the efficacy of impregnated bednets against malaria in the forested hills of Orissa State where the existing control strategy based on indoor residual spraying of DDT has remained incapable of interrupting malaria transmission.
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PMID:Evaluation of lambdacyhalothrin-impregnated bednets in a malaria endemic area of India. Part 3. Effects on malaria incidence and clinical measures. 1008 39

In a malaria endemic area in Orissa state in eastern India baseline (November 1989 to October 1990) malaria incidence ranged front 215 to 328 cases/1,000 population/yr in different groups of villages. In November 1990, nylon bednets treated with deltamethrin at 25 mg/m2 were given out in two villages (population 1062), untreated bednets were given out in five villages (population 1,226) and in one village (population 786) nets were not given. Nets were retreated in October 1991 and June 1992 in treated-net villages. The trial continued until October 1992. The treated nets caused significant reduction in indoor resting density, biting (landing), light trap catches, human engorgement rate, and parous rate of malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies Giles as compared with untreated nets or no nets. Untreated nets also caused reductions in biting and indoor density. Treated nets retained insecticidal action well over 6 mo. In the final year, malaria incidence was reduced 8.9% in the no-net village, 34.9% in the villages with untreated nets, and 59.1% in villages with treated nets. The relative risk of malaria and parasite rates declined significantly in villages with treated nets. Pediatric splenomegaly rate did not change in the no-net village, increased significantly in villages with untreated nets, but decreased significantly in those with treated nets. Treated nets also reduced pediatric anemia rates, but Hb concentration increased in all villages. Considering the benefits of treated bednets and development of resistance among vectors to DDT and malathion, bednets treated with deltamethrin could be an effective alternative strategy to control malaria in forested areas in India.
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PMID:Deltamethrin treated bednets for control of malaria transmitted by Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) in India. 1158 32

2 large epidemics of visceral leishmaniasis are presently occurring in Bihar State, India and in southern Sudan where it had not previously been a problem. Civil war which in turn led to sizable malnutrition and migration of many people and animals contributed greatly to the present epidemic. In southern Sudan, 30,000-40,000 people have already died. Villages have lost 30=65% of their population to visceral leishmaniasis, 4-40% carry the parasites, and 30-40% are immune to it. The epidemic is extending to the north. Other endemic areas in Africa include Kenya, many western and central African countries, and all the countries in northern Africa. Animal hosts include rats, genets, several cats, jackals, and dogs. The protozoan parasites Leishmania species are becoming more and more resistant to drugs which exacerbates these epidemics. The treatments include pentavalent antimonials, aminosidine, pentamidine, amphotericin B, liposomal amphotericin B, and sodium stibogluconate. The sandfly vector in India is beginning to exhibit resistance to DDT, but this is not yet a problem in Africa, however. The sandfly transmits promastigotes into the skin where an inflammatory factor in the sandfly saliva strengthens infectivity. They then infect phagocytic cells, especially macrophages, which essentially suppresses immunity. There they transform into amastigotes. Even though the body has very high levels of antileishmanial antibodies, the macrophages cannot eliminate the intracellular amastigotes. The parasites invade the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes--the macrophage-rich organs--which causes clinical symptoms. Some of these clinical symptoms include fever, wasting, splenomegaly, bone marrow failure, and lower than normal amounts of all cellular elements of blood. In HIV-positive Europeans who have lived in or visited endemic areas, visceral leishmaniasis has become an opportunistic infection. Their atypical features make it important to look for the parasites in tissues to diagnose it.
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PMID:Visceral leishmaniasis in Africa. 1231 71

Based on the reports of 18 fever related deaths in Bhojpur Primary Health Centre (PHC) of Moradabad District (UP), a study was undertaken during September and October, 2000 to explore the possibility of outbreak of malaria in the area and the reasons of the outbreak. The slide positivity rate (SPR) and slide falciparum rate (SFR) in active fever surveys were found to be 84.7% and 82.2% respectively. Among children the average enlarged spleen and spleen rate were 1.9 and 27.4 per cent respectively. The mortality rate of Anopheles culicifacies in DDT, Malathion and Deltamethrin was 42.5, 86.7 and cent per cent respectively. The results of the study revealed that the outbreak was of malaria with predominance of Plasmodium falciparum causing several deaths in the affected villages. The investigation revealed that there was disruption of surveillance and supervision of malaria activities.
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PMID:Malaria outbreak in Bhojpur PHC of district Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. 1476 29