Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0038002 (splenomegaly)
 9,873 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Levels of IgG, IgE, IgM, and IgA were determined, specific antibodies were detected by the fluorescent antibody test, hemagglutination test, complement fixation test and immunoelectrophoresis, and intradermal tests for delayed hypersensitivity to Schistosoma mansoni antigens were performed in Brazilian patients with schistosomiasis mansoni. The results were compared according to the clinical forms of the disease. IgG levels and antibody titers increased progressively in the subclinical, hepatomegalic, and hepatosplenic forms and there was a statistical relationship between IgG levels and the intensity of responses to the four serological tests; Delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) was found more frequently in hepatosplenic patients and more particularly in those with splenomegaly. DHS also correlated with age, but not with sex or with skin color. The strongest DHS reactions were observed in patients 20 to 34 years old, and in those having the highest fecal egg output. IgG levels, antibody titers, and DHS responses decreased after splenectomy and portal filtration of the worms. No significant variation was observed between untreated subjects, patients who were splenectomized and a group not subject to reinfection for 4 yearsk0
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PMID:Immunological studies in human schistosomiasis. III. Immunoglobulin levels, antibodies, and delayed hypersensitivity. 32 69

1. The effect on anaemia in mice given Plasmodium berghei yoelii 3 and 5 weeks after exposure to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, was investigated. 2. Haematological criteria (PCV and haemoglobin levels), reticulocytosis, parasitaemia and splenomegaly were used as indices. 3. Anaemia was severe in the animals given P. b. yoelii and in those with mixed infection (P. b: yoelii plus S. mansoni). Malaria was found to dominate the picture until the clearance of the parasitaemia. The effect of the interaction between the diseases on the anaemia was nil. 4. Toward the end of the experiment, moderate splenomegaly was observed in the mice with mixed infection.
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PMID:Anaemia in mice with concomitant Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium berghei yoelii infection. 109 78

Growth rate and histology of splenic autotransplants in subcutaneous pockets were compared with those of autotransplants in the extrahepatic portal bed in splenectomized mice infected with cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and in splenectomized uninfected controls. By the fifteenth week after transplantation (and tenth week after injection of cercariae) subcutaneous transplants gained 6.5 times and omental transplants 8.2 times more weight in infected animals than corresponding transplants in uninfected animals. Portal pressures averaged 11 to 13 cm of water in infected animals with transplants and 17 cm in those with intact spleens (compared to that of 6 to 7 cm in controls). Hyperplasia of white pulp with increase in germinal center activity characterized transplants as well as intact spleens of infected animals. The results suggest that a) During the first 10 weeks of experimentally induced infection, portal congestion is not the predominant mechanism regulating increased spleen growth; and b) An intact enlarged spleen appears to contribute to elevated portal pressure.
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PMID:Regulation of spleen growth and portal pressure in hepatic shcistosomiasis. 111 19

The intensity of infection with Schistosoma mansoni and its effects were investigated in a defined population living on three contiguous fazendas (subcounties) in a nonmalarious area of northeast Brazil near Salvador, Bahia. Quantitative stool egg counts (Bell technique) were performed on 363 of 417 individuals (90%) of all ages; physical examinations were done on 294 of 357 individuals (82%) 5 years of age and older. The maximum increase in prevalence was observed between the 1- to 4- and 5- to 9-year age groups, while the maximum increase in fecal egg count occurred between 5- to 9- and 10- to 14-year age groups. Highest egg counts were observed in the 10- to 14-year age group (geometric mean of 301 eggs per ml of stool) while the maximum prevalence (100%) was in the 20- to 24-year age group. In the fazenda with the lowest quantitative egg counts the age specific prevalence rates increased more slowly than in the fazendas with higher egg counts. In the study group nearly 50% of the total fecal egg output was accounted for by 22 individuals (6%) who had a mean age of 12.6 years. Egg counts for this selected group were all over 800 eggs per ml of stool with a mean of 1,514 eggs per ml of stool. In children under 15 years of age, the frequency of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly varied directly with the egg count; further, the degree of hepatomegaly was directly correlated with increasing egg counts. No splenic enlargement was noted in children not excreting eggs. In adults, on the other hand, neither splenomegaly nor hepatomegaly could be directly related to schistosomal infection per se. In children, neither the presence of infection with S. mansoni nor its intensity was reflected by altered anthropometric measurements. In the one fazenda tested the frequency of stools positive for occult blood correlated with increasing S. mansoni egg counts.
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PMID:The intensity and effects of infection with Schistosoma mansoni in a rural community in northeast Brazil. 125 89

In order to compare clinical versus ultrasound based diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni induced periportal fibrosis (pF) 536 infected Sudanese schoolchildren underwent clinical and sonographical examination. A liver exceeding 3 cm in sternal line and a palpable spleen were considered pathological. Ultrasound criteria for age dependent organometry of a Central European cohort were used as reference. Based on clinical criteria 190 children (35.4%) had hepatomegaly, whereas according to ultrasound results the rate was only 11.4%. Splenomegaly was detected in 77 cases (14.4%) by clinical means, but in 196 by ultrasound (36.6%). The sensitivity of clinical parameters as indication of pF was around 50%. Results for ultrasound detected organomegaly were only slightly better. It was concluded that assessment of liver and spleen sizes was of limited value as an indication for pF and that a considerable discrepancy existed between clinical and ultrasound based assessment of hepato- and splenomegaly.
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PMID:Ultrasound versus clinical examination as indication for Schistosoma mansoni associated morbidity in children. 129 29

This paper summarizes the results of a series of studies on the epidemiology, morbidity and transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in Burundi, and discusses their consequences for control. The main endemic area is the Imbo lowland, consisting of the Rusizi plain, the urban focus of Bujumbura, and the shores of lake Tanganyika; a small, new focus was discovered in the highlands, around lake Cohoha. Distribution studies on 5-10% population samples with duplicate 28 mg Kato smears in these 4 foci showed prevalences of 33%, 26%, 17%, 19% and mean (positive) egg loads of 110, 105, 92, 144 eggs/g, respectively. The combined population at risk was estimated to be 400,000 people, the total number of detectable cases 90,000. Prevalences and intensities varied greatly at the subregional, local and even sublocal level. The age- and sex-related prevalences and intensities of infection showed typical peaks in children and adolescents, but remained relatively high in adults in many areas; these patterns varied from one area to another and could be related to ecology and water contact. Morbidity studies showed that, in children as well as in adults, schistosomiasis-related morbidity such as (bloody) diarrhoea, hepatomealy and splenomegaly was apparent mainly in areas with prevalences over 30-40%. The intermediate hosts were Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Imbo), B. sudanica (Tanganyika marshes) and B. stanleyi (Cohoha). Population dynamic studies showed strong seasonal variations, the patterns of which were focal and even erratic in space and time. Snail densities and cercarial infection rates (0.85% overall in B. pfeifferi) were low.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Burundi and its consequences for control. 178 Sep 93

The efficacy of the highly selective antischistosomal combination chemotherapy with tubercidin (7-deazaadenosine) plus nitrobenzylthioinosine 5'-monophosphate (NBMPR-P), [el Kouni et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 6667-6670, 1983; el Kouni et al., Biochem Pharmacol 36: 3815-3821, 1987] was examined against chronic and advanced stages of schistosomiasis in mice. Administration of four successive daily doses of tubercidin (5 mg/kg/day) plus NBMPR-P (25 mg/kg/day) to Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice beginning 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks post-infection and monitored for 22 weeks was very effective against the parasite. It resulted in a marked increase in survivorship of treated mice. Repetition of the dose-regimen after a 10-day rest period was even more effective. However, survivorship of infected animals decreased with the delay of therapy. Early treatment (5 weeks post-infection) resulted in 100% survival compared to 13% only for untreated animals. If therapy was instituted at 8 weeks post-infection, only 70% of the treated mice survived. Treated animals appeared healthy and were found to have less splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. Combination therapy also caused a significant reduction in the number of worms as well as the number of eggs in the liver and small intestine. However, these differences diminished as the treatment was delayed. The number of eggs in the liver was reduced from an average of 120,000 eggs per liver in untreated animals to approximately 16,000 eggs per liver when treated at 5 weeks post-infection. When treatment was delayed to 8 weeks post-infection, the reduction in liver egg count was not as dramatic (88,000 eggs per liver). Similarly, the number of eggs was reduced in the intestine from 1,759 to an average of 58 and 860 eggs per cm2 of the intestine when the mice were treated at 5 and 8 weeks post-infection respectively. However, some worms survived and resumed egg production after an extended period of recuperation. Histological examination indicated that combination therapy was effective in preventing the formation of new egg granulomas but not on pre-existing granulomas.
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PMID:Efficacy of combination therapy with tubercidin and nitrobenzylthioinosine 5'-monophosphate against chronic and advanced stages of schistosomiasis. 190 Jan 58

The effect of splenectomy on cell mediated immunity was studied in 15 male patients with mean age 28 years +/- 9 s.d. with bilharzial splenomegaly and oesophageal varices, for comparison, ten healthy control males with mean age 28 years +/- 4 s.d. were included. The cellular immune response was assessed before and one month after splenectomy. The assessment included the enumeration of T lymphocyte subsets in vitro using monoclonal antibodies and in vivo by intradermal skin test for delayed reaction using specific Schistosoma mansoni adult antigen and non specific purified protein derivatives (P.P.D.). The result showed that the possibility of the delayed skin reaction was higher after splenectomy, also there was an increase in the number of T helper cells and reduction in number of T suppressor cell but the number of pan T cell did not significantly change. This result indicates that the ratio of T helper/T suppressor ratio improved after splenectomy with a concomitant improvement of the immunological response of the patients.
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PMID:Effect of splenectomy on cell mediated immunity in bilharzial patients with splenomegaly. 190 26

Five hundred thirty six Sudanese schoolchildren with Schistosoma mansoni infection were treated at random with either 20 mg or 40 mg/kg praziquantel. Seven months later 420 children could be reinvestigated by ultrasonography. Reduction of egg excretion and reversibility of sonographically-proven periportal fibrosis (PF) was not significantly different in the two groups. Schistosoma mansoni-induced PF grade II decreased from 22.9% to 6.7% and grade III from 5.2% to 1.6%. An increased prevalence of PF grade I, from 10% to 29.8% of the investigated patients, was observed. This increase was caused partly by a downshifting of patients who had PF II (n = 45) and PF III (n = 8) before therapy, but also by patients who developed PF I in the seven months after therapy (n = 56). The overall percentage of patients with PF before and after treatment was 38.1%. Of 420 children, 17.4% increased in their PF grade, 55% remained at the same level and 27.6% improved. Children younger than 11 years of age had a higher rate of complete reversibility than older ones. The percentage of patients with hepatomegaly decreased significantly (11.6% to 6.9%; p = 0.001). The rate of splenomegaly remained unchanged. It was concluded that within seven months therapy with praziquantel resulted in a considerable qualitative improvement of PF in Sudanese schoolchildren with S. mansoni infection.
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PMID:Ultrasonographical investigation of periportal fibrosis in children with Schistosoma mansoni infection: reversibility of morbidity seven months after treatment with praziquantel. 190 98

Parasitological, clinical, and sonographic examinations were performed on 309 school children in a village endemic for schistosomiasis mansoni. Data from the 255 denying treatment within the previous 2 years were analysed separately. On a single Kato examination 42% were uninfected; the remainder had light (26%), moderate (21%), or heavy (11%) infections with Schistosoma mansoni. Hepatomegaly (53%) and palpable spleens (35%) were common but clinical and parasitological findings often were unrelated. Abdominal sonography also demonstrated a high frequency of hepatomegaly (82%) and splenomegaly (49%). Sonographically determined liver span and spleen size correlated with the egg count. Sonographic lesions of periportal fibrosis of schistosomiasis mansoni with thickening of portal tracts and portal vein walls were frequently present and more common in infected than in uninfected children, and were correlated with the number of S. mansoni ova in the stool. Ultrasonographically detected periportal fibrosis was a reliable measurement of the prevalence and morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni in this population, and provided very useful information, even when the parasitological and clinical findings were equivocal.
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PMID:Sonographic studies of schoolchildren in a village endemic for Schistosoma mansoni. 211 46


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