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Query: UMLS:C0038002 (splenomegaly)
 9,873 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two hundred and seventy-five male CBA/Birmingham mice including 84 mice over 80 wk of age were autopsied at intervals over the whole range of their natural life span of about 2 1/2 yr. Body weight increased progressively up to 30 wk of age when a plateau value of 30-40 g was attained. Subsequent to 80 wk a slight, progressive decrease was observed. The thymus showed a profound increase in size from about 5 mg at birth to approximately 60 mg by the 3rd wk. Thereafter, the weight of the thymus decreased, rapidly at first, to reach 20-30 mg by 15 wk of age. The thymus weight then decreased more slowly to around 10 mg by the 80th wk. The spleen weight reached a plateau value of 50-60 mg by 4 wk and this was maintained until the 80th wk. In mice older than 80 wk varying degrees of splenomegaly were observed. Histologically, the areas of white pulp in these spleens were very prominent, suggestive of an on-going immune response. It was possible to associate this splenomegaly with the appearance of gross and microscopic evidence of hepatomas. No hepatomas were observed prior to 80 wk, but between 80 and 120 wk the incidence increased progressively; and all the mice whose age at autopsy exceeded 120 wk had hepatomas. Histologically the hepatomas showed marked nuclear plemorphism with occasional mitotic figures. Thrombi, areas of avascular necrosis and collections of inflammatory cells were observed. The tumour metastasised to the lung in 12% of cases. The doubling time of the hepatoma in situ was estimated as 1-6 wk (range 1-3-1-8 wk). These hepatomas were transplantable and grew with a doubling of 2-25 wk in syngeneic adult recipients. To test if the more rapid progressive growth of the tumour in situ in old CBA mice might have resulted from a breakdown in "immunological surveillance" the same tumour was transplanted simultaneously to a group of young and old recipients. The tumour grew more slowly (doubling time, 2-5 wk) in the old recipients. This result would not appear to support the hypothesis of a prolonged breakdown of immunological surveillance as the cause of the progressive increase in the incidence and growth of these tumours in situ in old mice.
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PMID:The incidence, pathology and transplantation of hepatomas in CBA mice. 18 43

Bursal lymphocytes from White Leghorn chickens of different ages were incubated with a soluble thymus factor (STF), and tested for t-cell characteristics. Immunofluorescence staining with anti-T-cell serum showed a marked increase inthe percentage of bursal T lymphocytes in cell preparations from young chickensincubated with STF. In older chickens (17 weeks) no such effect was observed. Bursal cells treated with STF were also able to elicit splenomegaly showing thatnot only antigenic but also functional T-cell characteristics had been induced in apopulation of bursal cells. The fate of these bursal T-cell precursors is discussed in the context of known migratory patterns.
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PMID:Induction of T-cell differentiation in the Bursa of Fabricius by a soluble thymus factor. 23 11

The thymic region of neonatal Swiss mice was exposed to doses varying from 1000 R to 2000 R of X-irradiation. The animals did not show any signs of wasting syndrome up to 6 months after irradiation. At this time hyperplasia of the thymus with an associated lymphocytosis was evident in irradiated animals. Antibody production to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was not affected. However, at 12 months post-irradiation the animals showed signs of wasting disease with a progressive increase in their numbers at 18 and 24 months of age. The percentage incidence of animals with wasting disease was dose dependent. At this stage in the majority of the animals with the disease the thymus showed varying degrees of atrophy along with splenomegaly. There were no significant differences in the number of lymphocytes but the number of granulocytes showed a substantial increase. This was more evident in animals exposed to 2000 R to the thymic region. Though one observed a lowered ability to form antibodies to bovine serum albumin (BSA) with advancing age, the thymic irradiation did not affect the immune response to BSA even in animals manifesting wasting disease. An interesting observation has been the development of a severe loss of muscle power and tone in the hind limbs in a large majority of animals.
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PMID:Effects of neonatal thymic exposure to high doses of X-irradiation. 31 96

Peripheral lymphocytes responsive to stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in culture have been quantitated following treatment of mice with anti-thymocyte serum (ATS), total body irradiation or corticosteroids. The ATS reduced the number of PHA-responsive cells in both blood and spleen, and induced splenomegaly, but it had little deleterious effect on spleen-borne LPS-responsive cells. In contrast, the spleens of mice treated with hydrocortisone acetate were atrophied and the remaining cells had a reduced LPS response and an enhanced PHA response. Total body irradiation impaired both PHA and LPS responsiveness in the spleen. Recovery of PHA responsiveness after either irradiation or ATS treatment was prolonged and was dependent on the presence of an intact thymus; recovery of LPS responsiveness after corticosteroid treatment was more rapid and was thymus-independent.
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PMID:Effects of irradiation, anti-thymocyte serum and corticosteroids on PHA and LPS responsive cells of the mouse. 32 22

Spleen weights and mitogen responsiveness of splenocyte cultures from scrapie agent-infected and control-inoculated mice were compared over two-month periods following inoculation. Splenocytes from Swiss, C57B1, and BALB/c mice were stimulated with the T (thymus-derived) cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A, the B (bone marrow-derived) cell mitogen bacterial lipopolysaccharide, or pokeweed mitogen, a stimulator of both T and B cells. Although significant splenomegaly was associated with scrapie infection, we failed to observe any significant differences in the activation of experimental and control cells. Studies with BALB/c mice suggested the possibility, however, that with both phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide, specific decreases in lymphocyte activation might occur with more optimal culture conditions. The data are consistent with the idea that the scrapie agent stimulates only subtle immunological changes within the host as it destroys the cells of the central nervous system.
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PMID:Mitogen stimulation of splenocytes from mice infected with scrapie agent. 56 56

Immunologically competent mice and mice with defined immunological deficiencies were infected with Plasmodium yoelii. Splenomegaly, enhanced phagocytosis, and anemia were most marked in infected mice having intact thymic tissue. Whereas the spleens of infected nude mice increased minimally in size, the relative blood hemoglobin levels and the rates of carbon clearance in these mice were similar to those of noninfected, immunologically intact mice. Thymus-reconstituted nude mice and B-cell-deficient mice responded to infection in a manner similar to that of infected immunocompetent mice. These data demonstrate that the hallmarks of malaria, i.e., splenomegaly, enhanced phagocytosis, and anemia, are thymus-dependent responses to infection.
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PMID:Splenomegaly, enhanced phagocytosis, and anemia are thymus-dependent responses to malaria. 66 20

(1) Cholinesterase activity was investigated in some human lymphatic organs (palatine tonsil, 'normal' spleen, 'bilharzial' spleen, thymus, lymph node and appendix) using GOMORI'S modification of KOELLE and FRIEDENWALD'S thiocholine iodide method, hydrolyzing acetylthiocholine iodide and butyrylthiocholine iodide. (a) Acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases seemed to be different enzymes; but when they have the same pattern of activity, the latter generally offers a weaker reaction. (b) All the lymphatic follicles of the tonsil, those found in the cortex of the cervical lymph nodes as well as those present in the appendix, were stainable with both acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase. (c) Acetylcholinesterase activity was not demonstrated in the Malpighian bodies of the 'normal' spleen, but the reaction was strongly present in the blood vessels (including the central arterioles) as well as in the capsule and the different components of the trabecular system. (d) In 'bilharzial' splenomegaly a relatively strong activity started to appear in the Malpighian corpuscles, manifested as a brownish precipitate in their centres. Also some patchy positive areas began to make their appearance in the tissue of the red pulp and had a particular arrangement around the Malpighian corpuscules, in such a way as to 'wall them off' from the tissue of the red pulp. (e) In the thymus no acetylcholinesterase activity was encountered, except in Hassal's corpuscles and in the trabeculae between the thymic lobules. (2) The data obtained in this work were discussed in relation to previous works in other laboratories and it seems that a species difference exists. (3) Cholinesterases may be present in the lymphatic tissue in order to get rid of some potentially toxic esters resulting from the necrobiotic phenomena accompanying the high mitotic activity found especially in the germinal centres of the lymphoid follicles. (4) There are many unanswered questions about the coexistence of the phosphatases and cholinesterases in the same places; their concomitant association in the lymphatic tissue may represent a special case within the framework of a more general mechanism.
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PMID:Cholinesterase activity in some human lymphatic organs. 95 94

To evaluate the role of immune response in regression of leukemia, we studied the effect of immunosuppression on the spontaneous regression of a leukemia induced by a specific strain of Friend murine leukemia virus complex (RFV). Thymectomy of newborn but not adult outbred Swiss mice markedly inhibited regression. The effect of antithymocyte serum (ATS) on regression depended on the timing of ATS treatment. Regression was markedly inhibited in leukemic mice given ATS just before the start of regression. During leukemia development, ATS treatment but not thymectomy potentiated splenomegaly and delayed the start of regression. Both ATS treatment and neonatal thymectomy increased mortality as a function of the decrease in disease regression. Treatment with normal rabbit serum also inhibited regression but, when given during leukemia development, affected neither the splenomegalic response to RFV nor the number of deaths. The data demonstrated that an intact immune system was required for leukemia regression and suggested that some thymus-dependent parameter of immune response was a major factor in regression.
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PMID:Effects of thymectomy and antithymocyte serum on spontaneous regression of Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia. 108 46

In an investigation of the ontogeny of lymphoid tissue in chick embryos to relate maturation of lymphocytes with immunological competence, the numbers and sizes of lymphocytes were determined in the thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, femoral marrow and peripheral blood of embryos from the 12th to 21st day of incubation, and in 6-day-old chicks. Results showed the thymus to be the first fully developed and most active lymphocytopoietic organ, followed by the bursa. The bone marrow was not lymphocytopoietic; the spleen and bone marrow were mainly granulocytopoietic and erythropoietic; some morphological differences between thymic and bursal lymphocytes were shown by light microscopy. It appears that in embryos and young chicks the lymphocytes are derived from the thymus and bursa, but not the bone marrow. In tests of immunological competency, cells of the thymus, bursa, spleen, bone marrow and peripheral blood from 12--21-day-old embryos and 6-day-old chicks were transferred to chorioallantoic membranes of 12-day-old recipient embryos. There were distinct differences between the ability of various lymphoid tissues to induce formation of chorioallantoic pocks or splenic enlargement. The thymus, spleen and peripheral blood elicited both lymphocytic pocks and splenomegaly, the bursa elicited splenomegaly only, and the bone marrow was ineffective. The bone marrow, however, induced formation of nonlymphocytic pocks. It is concluded that the immunological activity of the chicken embryo is primarily effected by the thymus and bursa and that cell-mediated immunity appears in the 2nd week of incubation.
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PMID:Immunological capacity of the chicken embryo. I. Relationship between the maturation of lymphoid tissues and the occurrence of cell-mediated immunity in the developing chicken embryo. 116 7

In a 3-year-old girl, who was admitted to our hospital with marked splenomegaly, a swollen abdomen and progressive loss of weight, the difficulty in establishing the correct diagnosis, namely a very rare generalized infection with Mycobacterium avium (serum type III), and the lengthy course of the disease are demonstrated. Norcardiosis, sarcoidosis and BCG-granulomatosis were excluded. From the spleen, lymphatic nodes, gastric juice, stools and urine of the child, who had not been vaccinated with BCG vaccine, masses of acid-fast bacilli were isolated. The generalisation of the disease was promoted by an immunological deficiency. At autopsy an atrophic thymus was discovered. The extensive clinical and immunological investigations pointed to a partial deficiency of the cell-mediated immune systeme. The patient died 8 months after admission.
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PMID:[Generalized mycobacterium avium infection in an infant (author's transl)]. 123 56


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