Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0037315 (sleep apnea)
 8,000 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pediatric sleep physiology begins with development of the sleep/wake cycle, and the origins of active versus quiet sleep. The 24-hour circadian cycle becomes established at 3-6 months. Sleep disorders during infancy commonly include mild, usually self-limited conditions such as sleep-onset association disorder, excessive nighttime feedings, and poor limit-setting. These require behavioral management to avoid long-term deleterious sleep habits. In contrast, other sleep disorders are more ominous, including SIDS, central congenital hypoventilation syndrome, and sleep apnea. Childhood is generally considered the golden age of sleep, with brief latency to sleep onset, high efficiency, and easy awakening. Yet parasomnias, psychological factors, and sleep disturbances associated with common disorders such as ADHD disrupt the idealistic notion of childhood being a period of unfettered sleep. Adolescents have sleep requirements similar to adults, posing a challenge for them to adapt to school schedules and increasingly demanding lifestyles. Narcolepsy, usually diagnosed in adolescence or early adulthood, is a lifelong sleep disorder and has led to the identification of the hypocretin/orexin neurotransmitter system. Research advances in the complex interrelationships between developmental neurobiology, sleep disorders and behavior will lead to an enhanced understanding of the pathophysiology of sleep problems and lead to novel therapeutic strategies for sleep disturbances in children.
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PMID:Children, sleep, and behavior: a complex association. 1198 23

Modafinil is a novel wake-promoting drug with FDA approval for the treatment of narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and sleep apnea. It is also prescribed for many off-label uses such as ADHD and it is currently being assessed as a treatment for psychostimulant dependence. Previous research assessing the abuse liability of modafinil in animals and humans suggests it is less potent and has a low abuse potential compared to traditional psychomotor stimulants. However, modafinil has not been carefully assessed in combination with other psychostimulant drugs. The current study used an unbiased place conditioning procedure simultaneously with locomotor screening procedures to assess the combined behavioral effects of modafinil and d-amphetamine in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Eight 30-min conditioning trials were conducted in a 2 compartment apparatus with distinct visual and tactile cues. Drug and vehicle conditioning trials were alternated with 1 trial per day separated by 24 hr. On drug conditioning trials, rats were administered either modafinil (64 mg/kg, i.g.), d-amphetamine (0.3 or 2.0 mg/kg, s.c.), a combination of modafinil (64 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.3 mg/kg), or vehicle injections. On vehicle conditioning trials, all groups received vehicle injections. Preference for either compartment was assessed by recording time spent in each compartment during a 15-min test conducted 24 hr after the last conditioning trial. Results indicated that this low oral dose of modafinil did not significantly increase locomotor activity or establish conditioned place preference (CPP). Moreover, modafinil did not significantly alter the hyperlocomotor or CPP effects of d-amphetamine. To confirm that modafinil is behaviorally active at this low oral dose, a separate assessment of horizontal and vertical activity was conducted with male Sprague-Dawley rats in an open field apparatus. Results confirmed that modafinil increased locomotor activity relative to vehicle, with increases in vertical activity especially prominent, a measure that was not assessed in place conditioning trials. Although the current results predict a low abuse liability with concurrent use of modafinil and d-amphetamine, additional research with higher dose combinations may be warranted before ruling out the possibility that these drugs could have additive or synergistic effects.
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PMID:Modafinil alone and in combination with low dose amphetamine does not establish conditioned place preference in male Sprague-Dawley rats. 2364 93

Iron deficiency (ID) is associated with sleep disorders, but standardized assessment of iron status in the diagnostic work-up and iron supplementation as treatment have not been considered in clinical practice. We investigated associations of ID with type and severity of sleep disorders and whether iron supplementation improves sleep-related symptoms. In 2017, we conducted a scoping review for the period 1972-2016 using the terms "iron deficiency anemia" and "sleep" on biomedical database search engines, and in 2019, we updated our review with an ad-hoc search. Among the 93 articles meeting our inclusion criteria, 74/93 studies investigated restless legs syndrome (RLS), 8/93 periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMs), 3/93 sleep disordered breathing (SDB), 6/93 general sleep disturbances (GSD), and 2/93 attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder related sleep disorders (ADHD-SDs). A statistically supported positive association with ID was found in 22/42 RLS, 3/8 PLMs, 1/2 SDB, 3/4 GSD, and 1/2 ADHD-SDs association studies. The ad-hoc literature search revealed eight additional association studies with a statistically supported positive association in 2/5 RLS, 1/1 SDB, 1/1 ADHD-SDs, and 1/1 restless sleep disorder (RSD) studies. Iron supplementation was beneficial in 29/30 RLS (including five randomized controlled trials [RCTs]), 1/1 SDB, and 2/2 GSD treatment studies. Iron supplementation was also beneficial in 2/2 RLS (including two RCTs), 1/1 GSD (RCT), and 1/1 RSD studies identified in the ad-hoc search. In pediatric populations, 1/1 RLS, 1/1 SDB, 2/5 PLMs, 2/3 GSD and 1/2 ADHD-SDs studies found positive associations, and 6/6 RLS and 2/2 GSD studies demonstrated a benefit with iron supplementation. In conclusion, iron investigation and supplementation should be considered in patients presenting with sleep disorders. To investigate the role of ID in sleep in the future, a harmonization of study designs, including outcome measures and standardized iron and inflammation status is necessary.
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PMID:Iron deficiency and sleep - A scoping review. 3222 26