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Query: UMLS:C0037315 (sleep apnea)
 8,000 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Consequences of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children include reduced performance during day, behaviour problems, diurmal hypersomnia, psychomotor development delay, severe forms of cor pulmonale, systemic hypertension, growing delay and death. This paper describes the clinical case of a 3-year-old girl with perennial symptoms of nasal obstruction characterized by nocturnal snoring, oral breathing, nasal voice, sleep apnea, nasal pruritus and rhinorrhea. Her treatment is also described.
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PMID:[Non-surgical treatment in case of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Report of a case]. 1496 87

Microneurography is a method using metal microelectrodes to investigate directly identified neural traffic in myelinated as well as unmyelinated efferent and afferent nerves leading to and coming from muscle and skin in human peripheral nerves in situ. The present paper reviews how this technique has been used in clinical neurophysiology to elucidate the neural mechanisms of autonomic regulation, motor control and sensory functions in humans under physiological and pathological conditions. Microneurography is particularly important to investigate efferent and afferent neural traffic in unmyelinated C fibers. The recording of efferent discharges in postganglionic sympathetic C efferent fibers innervating muscle and skin (muscle sympathetic nerve activity; MSNA and skin sympathetic nerve activity; SSNA) provides direct information about neural control of autonomic effector organs including blood vessels and sweat glands. Sympathetic microneurography has become a potent tool to reveal neural functions and dysfunctions concerning blood pressure control and thermoregulation. This recording has been used not only in wake conditions but also in sleep to investigate changes in sympathetic neural traffic during sleep and sleep-related events such as sleep apnea. The same recording was also successfully carried out by astronauts during spaceflight. Recordings of afferent discharges from muscle mechanoreceptors have been used to understand the mechanisms of motor control. Muscle spindle afferent information is particularly important for the control of fine precise movements. It may also play important roles to predict behavior outcomes during learning of a motor task. Recordings of discharges in myelinated afferent fibers from skin mechanoreceptors have provided not only objective information about mechanoreceptive cutaneous sensation but also the roles of these signals in fine motor control. Unmyelinated mechanoreceptive afferent discharges from hairy skin seem to be important to convey cutaneous sensation to the central structures related to emotion. Recordings of afferent discharges in thin myelinated and unmyelinated fibers from nociceptors in muscle and skin have been used to provide information concerning pain. Recordings of afferent discharges of different types of cutaneous C-nociceptors identified by marking method have become an important tool to reveal the neural mechanisms of cutaneous sensations such as an itch. No direct microneurographic evidence has been so far proved regarding the effects of sympathoexcitation on sensitization of muscle and skin sensory receptors at least in healthy humans.
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PMID:Microneurography as a tool in clinical neurophysiology to investigate peripheral neural traffic in humans. 1690 37

Patients with chronic diseases, including chronic respiratory diseases, usually have considerably impaired sleep quality that may increase the frequency of exacerbations and severity of symptoms, lead to difficulty in patient management, and reduce quality of life (QOL). During the last few decades, several studies have shown that, in addition to the classic signs of sneezing, nasal itching, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction, allergic rhinitis has an important impact on the QOL of adults and children. In 2001, the ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma) report based its new severity classification on the impact of rhinitis on QOL, with the inclusion of sleep disturbances. Thus, allergic rhinitis patients may also suffer from sleep disorders, emotional problems, as well as impairment in daily activities and social functioning. Given that sleep is fundamental for physical and mental health, the present document reviews the methods and questionnaires used to assess the quality of sleep, the importance of sleep in allergic rhinitis, impairment and improvement of sleep in allergic rhinitis by using medications (antihistamines, topical nasal corticosteroids, nasal decongestants, antileukotrienes) and, finally, the relationship between the sleep apnea syndrome with allergic rhinitis and its treatment.
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PMID:Sleep and allergic rhinitis. 1912 31

Rhinitis is a symptomatic inflammatory disorder of the nose with different causes such as allergic, nonallergic, infectious, hormonal, drug induced, and occupational and from conditions such as sarcoidosis and necrotizing antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies positive (Wegener's) granulomatosis. Allergic rhinitis affects up to 40% of the population and results in nasal (ocular, soft palate, and inner ear) itching, congestion, sneezing, and clear rhinorrhea. Allergic rhinitis causes extranasal untoward effects including decreased quality of life, decreased sleep quality, obstructive sleep apnea, absenteeism from work and school, and impaired performance at work and school termed "presenteeism." The nasal mucosa is extremely vascular and changes in blood supply can lead to obstruction. Parasympathetic stimulation promotes an increase in nasal cavity resistance and nasal gland secretion. Sympathetic stimulation leads to vasoconstriction and consequent decrease in nasal cavity resistance. The nasal mucosa also contains noradrenergic noncholinergic system, but the contribution to clinical symptoms of neuropeptides such as substance P remains unclear. Management of allergic rhinitis combines allergen avoidance measures with pharmacotherapy, allergen immunotherapy, and education. Medications used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis can be administered intranasally or orally and include oral and intranasal H(1)-receptor antagonists (antihistamines), intranasal and systemic corticosteroids, intranasal anticholinergic agents, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. For intermittent mild allergic rhinitis, an oral or intranasal antihistamine is recommended. In individuals with persistent moderate/severe allergic rhinitis, an intranasal corticosteroid is preferred. When used in combination, an intranasal H(1)-receptor antagonist and a nasal steroid provide greater symptomatic relief than monotherapy. Allergen immunotherapy is the only disease-modifying intervention available.
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PMID:Chapter 5: Allergic rhinitis. 2279 78

The majority of patients who undergo surgery will require drug therapy for the management of acute postsurgical pain. Effective control of acute postsurgical pain is essential for the patient not only in the short term but also in the long term to prevent the development of chronic pain, which can occur if early acute pain is prolonged. Currently, opioid analgesics are widely used for the management of acute postsurgical pain. Although opioids provide effective postsurgical pain relief, their use is associated with a number of risks, including the development of opioid-related adverse drug events (ORADEs). This review investigates the prevalence of opioid use in the postsurgical setting, the incidence of ORADEs, and the impact of these ORADEs on patient outcomes, length of stay, and costs after common surgeries. According to a national analysis of ORADE incidence, almost 20% of patients treated with opioids experienced an ORADE, with the most common being gastrointestinal effects, central nervous system effects, pruritus, or urinary retention. Studies show that the risk of developing an ORADE is higher in patients receiving higher doses of opioids and in patients undergoing orthopedic or gynecologic surgery compared with patients undergoing general surgery. Elderly patients and those with comorbidities (e.g., obesity, sleep apnea, respiratory disease, urinary disorders) may be particularly vulnerable to ORADE development. Both hospital costs and length of stay are increased in patients with an ORADE versus those without an ORADE. Strategies to reduce the use of opioids after surgery are likely to result in positive outcomes by reducing the incidence of ORADEs and, as a result, reducing treatment costs associated with surgery and improving patient care.
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PMID:Challenges in the management of acute postsurgical pain. 2295 93

Sleep is an active process that occupies about one-third of the lives of humans; however, there are relatively few studies of skin disorders during sleep. Sleep disruption in dermatologic disorders can significantly affect the quality of life and mental health of the patient and in some situations may even lead to exacerbations of the dermatologic condition. Sleep and skin disorders interface at several levels: (1) the role of the skin in normal sleep physiology, such as thermoregulation, core body temperature control, and sleep onset; (2) the effect of endogenous circadian rhythms and peripheral circadian "oscillators" on cutaneous symptoms, such as the natural trough in cortisol levels during the evening in patients with inflammatory dermatoses, which most likely results in increased pruritus during the evening and night; (3) the effect of symptoms such as pruritus, hyperhidrosis, and problems with thermoregulation, on sleep and sleep-related quality of life of the patients and their families; (4) the possible effect of primary sleep disorders, such as insomnia, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation, and circadian rhythm disorders, on dermatologic disorders; for example, central nervous system arousals from sleep in sleep apnea can result in increased sympathetic neural activity and increased inflammation; and (5) comorbidity of some dermatologic disorders with stress and psychiatric disorders, for example, major depressive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that are also associated with sleep-related complaints. Sleep loss in atopic dermatitis (AD) is likely involved in the pathogenesis of ADHD-like symptoms in AD. Scratching during sleep, which may be proportional to the overall level of sympathetic nervous activity during the respective stages of sleep, usually occurs most frequently during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stages 1 and 2 (vs stages 3 and 4 which are the deeper stages of sleep), and in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, where the severity of scratching is similar to stage 2 sleep. Patient and parental reports of nocturnal itch and scratching in AD typically do not correlate with objective measures of scratching.
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PMID:Sleep-wake disorders and dermatology. 2324 83