Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0037315 (sleep apnea)
 8,000 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Snoring and sleeping apnea are reportedly associated with morbidity. We used home monitoring (MESAM IV) to measure snoring and sleep apnea in 294 men aged 40 to 65 yr from the volunteer register of the Busselton (Australia) Health Survey. In this group, 81% snored for more than 10% of the night and 22% for more than half the night; 26% had a respiratory disturbance index (RDI) > or = 5, and 10% had an RDI > or = 10. There was a relatively low correlation between percentage of night spent snoring and RDI (rho = 0.47, p < 0.005). Subjective daytime sleepiness plus RDI > or = 5 occurred in a minimum of 3%. Obesity was related to snoring, RDI, and minimum SaO2 (all p < 0.0001). There was no relationship between age and either RDI or snoring, but increased age was related to minimum SaO2 < 85% (p < 0.05). Alcohol consumption was not related to sleep-disordered breathing. Smokers snored for a greater percentage of the night than nonsmokers (41 versus 31%, p = 0.01). We conclude that, in middle-aged men, both snoring and sleep apnea are extremely common, and in this age range both are associated with obesity but not with age. However, a high percentage of snoring is not essential for the occurrence of sleep apnea, nor does it necessarily indicate that apnea is present.
 ...
PMID:Snoring and sleep apnea. A population study in Australian men. 773

The contribution of body fat distribution to sleep-disordered breathing in women has not been examined in detail (to our knowledge). Fifty women under 65 years of age were diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by all-night polysomnography in a 6-month period. Twenty-five women underwent body fat measurements of skin folds and circumferences. The 12 premenopausal and 13 postmenopausal women did not differ in regard to apnea hypopnea index (AHI), SaO2 nadir, body mass index (BMI), or anthropometric measurements. The AHI for these 25 patients was related to the severity of obesity assessed by triceps and subscapular skin folds, the sum of the skin folds, waist circumference, and BMI. The SaO2 nadir correlated with triceps and subscapular skin folds, the sum of the skin folds, and neck skin fold. Clinical features of this same group of 25 women were then compared with those of 45 men with OSA previously described by our laboratory. The women, despite similar age, had less severe OSA than the men (AHI of 34.4 +/- 5.4 vs 51.1 +/- 4.9, p < 0.05). Despite similar BMIs and waist circumference, the men had evidence of a greater degree of upper body obesity with a larger subscapular skin fold thickness, waist-hip ratio, and neck circumference. In addition, for a given degree of upper-body obesity, men had more severe sleep apnea. These findings may explain, at least in part, the greater severity of OSA in the men.
 ...
PMID:Body fat distribution and sleep apnea severity in women. 784 62

This report concerns the relative contributions of body weight and sleep apnea to the following cardiovascular risk factors: blood pressure, fasting insulin and fasting glucose. We cross-sectionally examined the relationship of various levels of apneic activity [apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)] and a measure of obesity [body mass index (BMI)] to mean morning blood pressure and fasting serum insulin and fasting blood glucose concentrations sampled the morning after polysomnography. Subjects were 261 males (age 47 +/- 13 years, mean +/- SD), who were referred to a sleep laboratory for symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing. The dependent variables, mean morning blood pressure, insulin and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, were significantly related to both AHI (eta'2 = 0.10) and BMI (eta'2 = 0.18). AHI and BMI combined to account for approximately 30% of the variability in the best linear combination of these three factors. Further analysis indicated that mean morning blood pressure and fasting insulin levels each correlated positively with BMI and AHI, whereas FBG correlated only with BMI. We conclude that, although these data do not prove a causal relationship, there is evidence for an independent association between sleep apnea and not only blood pressure, but also fasting insulin levels.
 ...
PMID:Insulin levels, blood pressure and sleep apnea. 784 59

This article provides an in-depth overview of the relationship between primary hypertension and adult obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The background data and research are taken from the English-language literature through 1993. Primary hypertension is a common cause of major medical illnesses, including stroke, heart disease, and renal failure, in middle-aged males. Its prevalence in the United States is around 20%, with the rate of newly diagnosed hypertensive patients being about 3% per year. Sleep apnea syndrome is common in the same population. It is estimated that up to 2% of women and 4% of men in the working population meet criteria for sleep apnea syndrome. The prevalence may be much higher in older, non-working men. Many of the factors predisposing to hypertension in middle age, such as obesity and the male sex, are also associated with sleep apnea. Recent publications describe a 30% prevalence of occult sleep apnea among middle-aged males with so called "primary hypertension." Is this association fortuitous, related to a high prevalence of both diseases in the same population, or is it caused by a factor common to both diseases, such as obesity? Should the diagnosis of apnea be actively sought with sleep studies in hypertensive populations? If a diagnosis of "asymptomatic" sleep apnea is made in a hypertensive person, should the apnea be treated? Current research data provide only partial answers to these and other questions regarding the association of apnea and hypertension. Logic dictates that clinically symptomatic patients in hypertensive clinics should receive appropriate evaluation for apnea, but broad populations of hypertensive individuals should not be referred for sleep studies.
 ...
PMID:The relationship between systemic hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea: facts and theory. 784 28

An inherited basis for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has been suggested by reports of families with multiple affected members and by a previous study of the familial aggregation of symptoms of SDB. In this study, we quantify and characterize the aggregation of SDB and assess the degree to which familial similarities may be independent of obesity. This was a genetic-epidemiologic study that assessed the distribution of SDB in families identified through a proband with diagnosed sleep apnea and among families in the same community with no relative with known sleep apnea. SDB was assessed with overnight in-home monitoring of airflow, oxygen saturation, chest wall impedance, heart rate, and body movement. Standardized questionnaires were used to assess symptoms, and weight, height, and neck circumference were measured directly. Intergenerational and intragenerational correlation coefficients and pairwise odds ratios (ORs) were calculated with adjustment for proband sampling. In toto, 561 members of 91 families were studied: (1) 47 subjects with laboratory-confirmed SDB (index probands), (2) 44 community control subjects, and (3) the spouses and relatives of 1 and 2. Of all 91 families, 32 (35%) had two or more members with SDB, 30 (33%) had one affected member, and 29 had no affected members. SDB was more prevalent in the relatives of index probands (21%) than among neighborhood control subjects (12%) (p = 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:The familial aggregation of obstructive sleep apnea. 788 56

The association between snoring and blood pressure is still a matter for debate, partly because of uncertainty about the definition of snoring and partly because confounding factors may affect systemic blood pressure such as obesity, sleep apnoea, and nocturnal hypoxaemia. To isolate the contribution of each of these factors, 1415 patients (389 females, 1026 males) referred to a sleep disorders centre were studied. A full history was obtained with particular attention to cardiovascular disease and medications. The patients had nocturnal polysomnography including objective measurement of snoring, and blood pressure was measured in the morning. 18% of non-snores had hypertension as did 20% of heavy snores (not significantly different). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that snoring was not a significant determinant of blood pressure. Only age, male sex, apnoea/hypopnoea index, and body mass index contributed significantly to the variability of blood pressure. We conclude that snoring in the absence of sleep apnoea is not associated with raised blood pressure.
 ...
PMID:Blood pressure, snoring, obesity, and nocturnal hypoxaemia. 791 47

Obesity, short stature, hypotonia and excessive daytime sleepiness are characteristic features of the Prader-Willi syndrome. Excessive daytime sleepiness has been attributed to obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). To investigate the role of anatomical factors in OSA in the Prader-Willi syndrome, clinical and ENT assessment, radiology of the upper airway and polysomnography including sleep oximetry were done in 14 subjects. Excessive daytime sleepiness was present in eight of 14 subjects as determined by a mean sleep latency to non-rapid eye movement stage I-II of < 5 min and/or self-rating sleepiness score > 9 (Epworth Sleepiness scale). Seven subjects were snorers or mouth breathers and dental abnormalities were present in 11. Sleep apnoea, as determined by a combined apnoea-hypopnoea index of more than 10 respiratory events per hour was present in 12 of 14 subjects. On clinical assessment, the nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx were small in one subject. No subject had redundant pharyngeal mucosa or an enlarged tongue. However, radiological studies performed in the awake supine posture showed a slight reduction in the cross-sectional area in nine subjects at the oropharyngeal level and in four subjects at the nasopharyngeal level as compared with normal control subjects. Sleep apnoea and minor radiological evidence of narrowing of the upper airway are common in the Prader-Willi syndrome, although clinical otolaryngological examination is often unremarkable. Excessive daytime sleepiness occurs in approximately 50% of all patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. Although obstructive sleep apnoea is one important factor related to sleepiness, an additional central disturbance of sleep mechanisms is present.
 ...
PMID:The upper airway and sleep apnoea in the Prader-Willi syndrome. 792 38

We identified seven patients with refractory partial epilepsy and sleep apnea. Treatment of the sleep apnea with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), protriptyline, trazodone, acetazolamide, or tracheostomy reduced seizure frequency and severity in six patients. Success with CPAP depended largely on compliance. Four of five patients had a clear reduction in seizure frequency with the use of CPAP. Sleep apnea may exacerbate epilepsy by causing sleep disruption and deprivation, hypoxemia, and decreased cerebral blood flow. In epilepsy patients with risk factors (eg, obesity) or markers (eg, habitual snoring, daytime somnolence) for sleep apnea, a careful sleep history should be elicited and a polysomnogram obtained when indicated. Treatment of the sleep disorder can improve seizure control.
 ...
PMID:Epilepsy and sleep apnea syndrome. 884 27

Recent epidemiological data indicate that obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and related conditions are extremely common in the middle-aged population. Obesity is an important aetiological factor in sleep-disordered breathing with a multifactorial role in the pathogenesis of upper airway occlusion. One extreme of the spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing is obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (one type of OSA with awake respiratory failure). Sleep-disordered breathing has a number of clinical consequences, including excess cardiovascular morbidity. Obesity is an important confounder of this association. Treatment of these disorders has been revolutionized by the use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Weight reduction reduces apnoea severity but is not curative in most obese patients with sleep apnoea.
 ...
PMID:Sleep-disordered breathing and obesity. 798 Mar 49

A cross-sectional study of 1385 Saudi females attending 15 health centres in urban and rural areas in the Riyadh region was conducted during September and October 1992 to determine the prevalence of obesity and its associated factors. The mean age was 32.2 +/- 11.7 years and body mass index (BMI) 29.2 +/- 7.0 kg m-2. Only 26.1% of subjects were their ideal weight (BMI < 25 kg m-2), while 26.8% were overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg m-2), 41.9% were moderately obese (BMI 30-40 kg m-2) and 5.1% were morbidly obese (BMI > 40 kg m-2). High-risk groups for obesity were mostly middle aged, multiparous housewives. Patients living in rural areas had greater BMIs than those living in urban areas (P < 0.01). Thirty per cent of overweight participants did not think they were overweight. The study emphasizes the need for community based programmes for preventing and reducing obesity since weight control is effective in ameliorating most of the disorders associated with obesity such as Type 2 non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, heart disease, sleep apnoea syndrome and osteoarthritis of the knees. The focus of efforts should be directed towards young mothers who are at risk of developing obesity and who play a central role in perpetuating it in their offspring.
 ...
PMID:High prevalence of clinical obesity among Saudi females: a prospective, cross-sectional study in the Riyadh region. 800 60


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10