Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0037315 (sleep apnea)
 8,000 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nicotine in tobacco brings illness and death to millions of people. Yet nicotine in its pure form has the potential to be a valuable pharmaceutical agent. Nicotine fairly specifically binds to the cholinergic nicotinic gating site on cationic ion channels in receptors throughout the body. This action stimulates the release of a variety of neurotransmitters including especially catecholamines and serotonin. When chronically taken, nicotine may result in: (1) positive reinforcement, (2) negative reinforcement, (3) reduction of body weight, (4) enhancement of performance, and protection against; (5) Parkinson's disease (6) Tourette's disease (7) Alzheimers disease, (8) ulcerative colitis and (9) sleep apnea. The reliability of these effects varies greatly but justifies the search for more therapeutic applications for this interesting compound.
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PMID:Beneficial effects of nicotine. 185 21

Sleep structure is qualitatively and quantitatively changed by aging. The elderly usually go to bed in early evening and wake up in early morning, and they also take several naps in the day time. The polyphasic sleep is one of the typical sleep patterns found in the elderly. Comparing the sleep of the elderly with that of young adults by the method of polysomnography, the characteristics of the sleep of the elderly are in the prolongation of sleep latency, shortening of total sleep time, increase of Stage W and Stage 1, decrease of Stage 3 and 4, and also decrease of Stage REM and the advance of REM phase. Insomnia is a frequently observed symptom in the elderly. The so-called psychophysiological insomnia due to transient psychological or situational stress is common in the elderly. However, insomnia following the mental disturbance (depression), chronic use of drug or alcohol, dementia (vascular or Alzheimer type) are also important in the elderly. Sleep apnea syndrome is recently found as an important cause of insomnia. Concerning the treatment and prevention of insomnia, it is necessary to exclude the causes of insomnia, to improve the environmental conditions and to keep the regular rhythm of sleep-wake cycle. It is also important to carefully select and use the adequate hypnotics considering the pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of the drugs in the elderly.
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PMID:[Sleep disturbance in the elderly]. 219 Nov 61

Mental deterioration accompanying sleep apnea has been noted frequently. Because sleep apnea increases with age, such deficits raise the possibility that dementia in the elderly could be related to sleep apnea. In this study we investigated this possibility cross-sectionally by comparing respiration during sleep in 28 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 25 nondemented controls. We hypothesized that higher levels of sleep apnea would be present in AD patients. Our results indicated no significant differences between AD patients and controls but those few AD patients who desaturated during sleep experienced morning confusion. The findings imply that AD and sleep apnea are two separate conditions which may still interact in the aged.
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PMID:Sleep apnea in Alzheimer's disease. 281 95

Peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding of [3H]Ro5-4864 at one, non-saturating concentration and activities of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured in 7 cortical areas from postmortem brains of 18 patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), 12 age-matched controls, and 15 miscellaneous neurological cases. None of the chemical measures showed significant correlation with age, sex, or postmortem delay. As expected, ChAT and AChE activities were closely correlated with one another overall and within the AD and control groups, and the mean values for the AD group were significantly less than those in the controls in each of the cortical regions examined. Specific binding site densities were very variable from brain to brain and did not correlate with ChAT in any group or overall. By analysis of variance, however, binding site densities in the AD group were significantly higher than those in the controls. This difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.05) in Broca's area and the precentral and postcentral gyri, but not in the temporal gyri which generally have greater neuronal loss in AD. Of the 15 miscellaneous neurological cases, the Parkinson patients (n = 3) showed significantly higher binding densities than the controls but the multiinfarct dementia group (n = 5) did not. Single cases of Shy-Drager syndrome and sleep apnea showed a majority of values more than 2 standard deviations above the control means.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1988
PMID:Peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding in Alzheimer disease. 284 49

In a study of 15 probable Alzheimer's patients and 12 healthy elderly control subjects, Alzheimer's patients had a significantly higher apnea index (patients versus controls, mean +/- SD: 6.3 +/- 6.6 vs 1.8 +/- 2.7, P less than .05) and greater maximal duration of apnea (patients versus controls, median: 50.0 vs 28.5 seconds, P less than .001), but no significant increase in oxyhemoglobin desaturation compared with controls. (The accepted normal threshold for abnormality is an apnea index more than 5.) Although three of seven psychometric tests (odd-even, category retrieval, face-hand test) showed diurnal effects on one or more of their subscores, with Alzheimer's patients having significantly poorer scores at the AM than at PM testing, overnight change scores in the psychometric tests were not significantly correlated with severity of sleep-disordered breathing. Further, only 18.1% of the disruptive (ie, requiring intervention) nocturnal behaviors of the Alzheimer's patients were temporally linked to sleep-disordered breathing. The current data suggest that sleep-disordered breathing in nonmedicated Alzheimer's patients is relatively mild and is not a predictor of either overnight mental status changes, of disruptive nocturnal behaviors, or of daytime behavioral fluctuations. Additional studies of more severely demented patients and possibly of sleeping pill effects would be useful in further evaluating the role of sleep apnea in Alzheimer behavioral changes.
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PMID:Clinical significance of sleep-disordered breathing in Alzheimer's disease. Preliminary data. 291 Sep 71

In a study of sleep-disordered breathing among 139 elderly individuals, sleep apnea (defined as 5 or more apneas per hour) occurred in 34 (41.7%) Alzheimer's subjects compared with 56 (5.4%) healthy controls, 35 (11.4%) depressive subjects, and 24 (16.7%) patients with mixed symptoms of both cognitive impairment and depression (p less than .001). Alzheimer's patients had a significantly higher proportion of NREM-related than REM-related apnea. Moreover, a significant (p less than .01) positive correlation between the apnea index and severity of dementia, as measured by the Blessed Dementia Rating Scale, was found in apnea-positive Alzheimer's patients, as well as in the entire sample of Alzheimer's patients (p less than .05). No such correlation was found in the mixed-symptoms group. Possible clinical and neuropathologic implications are discussed.
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PMID:Sleep-disordered breathing in normal and pathologic aging. 375 14

In a prospective study of sleep-disordered breathing among healthy elderly controls (N = 23), major depressives (N = 17), and demented patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (N = 21), sleep apnea (defined as an apnea index of 5 or more) was found in 42.9% of demented patients, 17.6% of depressives, and 4.3% of controls (chi 2 = 9.90, p less than .01). A significant association between sleep apnea and dementia of the Alzheimer type was found in women but not in men. Moreover, severity of dementia was significantly correlated with apnea index. Possible neuropathologic and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Sleep apnea in Alzheimer's dementia: correlation with mental deterioration. 400 48

The relationship of sleep apnea to age, sex, and Alzheimer's dementia was investigated in 45 elderly subjects and 10 young males, all nonobese, normotensive, nonsmoking, with no sleep complaints and no medical problems other than Alzheimer's disease. Mean apnea/hypopnea index [(AH)I] was significantly greater in elderly males than in young males or elderly females. Mean (AH)I and percentage of subjects with an (AH)I greater than 5 in the Alzheimer groups were not significantly different from age and sex-matched controls. Results were similar when the apnea index was substituted for (AH)I. The data from this preliminary study indicate that healthy, elderly males with no sleep complaints and elderly males with Alzheimer's disease experience a significant, subclinical ventilatory impairment during sleep. Data from the 10 elderly females and 10 young males indicated no such impairment. The physiological significance of this degree of sleep apnea in otherwise healthy elderly males is unclear at present.
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PMID:Sleep apnea: relationship to age, sex, and Alzheimer's dementia. 684 93

Nicotine maintains tobacco addiction and has therapeutic utility to aid smoking cessation and possibly to treat other medical diseases. Nicotine acts on nicotinic cholinergic receptors, which demonstrate diversity in subunit structure, function, and distribution within the nervous system, presumably mediating the complex actions of nicotine described in tobacco users. The effects of nicotine in people are influenced by the rate and route of dosing and by the development of tolerance. The metabolism of nicotine is now well characterized in humans. A few individuals with deficient C-oxidation of nicotine, unusually slow metabolism of nicotine, and little generation of cotinine have been described. Nicotine affects most organ systems in the body, although its contribution to smoking-related disease is still unclear. Nicotine as a medication is currently available as a gum, a transdermal delivery device, and a nasal spray, all of which are used for smoking cessation. Nicotine is also being investigated for therapy of ulcerative colitis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, sleep apnea, and attention deficit disorder.
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PMID:Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction and therapeutics. 872 3

Disorders of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) constitute a major health hazard, since impaired alertness may lead to accidents and poor quality of life, and some of them are associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Many disorders of EDS are neurological diseases (e.g. narcolepsy and periodic limb movements in sleep, PLMS). The largest group of disorders causing EDS consists of sleep-related disturbances of breathing, where neuroregulatory mechanisms play a major role in pathophysiology. Many patients with neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases suffer from sleep disturbances associated with EDS. Therefore, neurologists must be acquainted with the differential diagnosis of EDS and the major categories of sleep disorders causing it. The present update focuses on major sleep disorders causing EDS, and approaches the topic from the neurologist's perspective. Rather than being an extensive review, this update includes recent data on epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and related conditions (increased upper airway resistance syndrome, central sleep apnea), as well as of narcolepsy and PLMS. Also included are recent data concerning EDS in neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy) and neuromuscular disorders.
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PMID:Disorders of excessive daytime sleepiness--an update. 951 78


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