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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent work by epidemiologists and microbiologists has uncovered several hitherto unrecognized food-borne bacterial pathogens of public health significance. One of these, Listeria monocytogenes, has attracted considerable attention because of two major cheese-related outbreaks of listeriosis that were characterized by cases of meningitis, abortion, and perinatal septicemia. Thus far, L. monocytogenes has been responsible for well over 300 reported cases of food-borne listeriosis, including about 100 deaths, and has cost the dairy industry alone more than 66 million dollars as a result of product recalls. The ability of L. monocytogenes to grow at refrigeration temperatures, coupled with appearance of the pathogen in raw and processed meats, as well as poultry, vegetables, and seafood, makes this bacterium a serious threat to susceptible consumers and to the entire food industry. Yersinia enterocolitica, another psychrotrophic food-borne pathogen of recent concern, was linked to several outbreaks of yersiniosis associated with consumption of both raw and pasteurized milk, as well as contaminated water. Food-borne infections involving Y. enterocolitica typically result in enterocolitis, which may be mistaken for acute appendicitis. Unfortunately, inadvertent removal of healthy appendixes from victims of food-borne yersiniosis is all too common. Although known for many years, Campylobacter jejuni has only recently been recognized as a food-borne pathogen and a leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States. Notable outbreaks of campylobacteriosis linked to consumption of raw milk, cake icing, eggs, poultry, and beef have underscored the need for thorough cooking and proper handling of raw products.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:"New" food-borne pathogens of public health significance. 250 76

Considerable changes have occurred during the 1980s in the clinical nature and diagnosis of bacteremia and fungemia in the immunocompromised patient. Cancer patients with prolonged neutropenia, many with indwelling catheters, and AIDS patients with both T-cell and B-cell deficiencies have changed the spectrum of organisms causing septicemia. There has been a shift to infection with gram-positive bacteria, including mycobacteria, and water-borne organisms, including Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. New blood culture systems, including a lysis-centrifugation system and radiometric methods utilizing resin broth media, remove antagonistic antimicrobial agents, and the lysis-centrifugation system routinely provides quantitation of organisms from the blood. Quantitation has been used to identify sources of infection, to differentiate contamination from true infection, and to monitor the course of antibiotic treatment.
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PMID:Bacteremia and fungemia in the immunocompromised patient. 251 58

Of the patients who underwent surgical treatment for the respiratory system at our hospital over the past 9 years, 6 were postoperatively complicated with chylothorax, 1 with liquorrhea and the other one with paraplegia. Chylothorax occurred after mediastinal lymph node dissection which was carried out for the treatment of malignant tumors. In five cases, it occurred on the left side, and in the sixth case, it occurred on the right side. In 2 patients who received conservative treatment, there was no reduction in chyle outflow, and they died of cerebral infarction and sepsis. The other 4 cases were surgically treated. In 3 of them, the impaired site of the thoracic duct was confirmed by administration of Sudan III before surgery. We confirmed that early reoperation for the chylothorax after lung resection should be performed. Liquorrhea occurred from the 5th costvertebral joint which had been directly infiltrated by lung carcinoma. Fortunately, the postoperative course was uneventful, though the patient complained of dizziness and headache until 14 postoperative days. The case of paraplegia was caused by oxydized cellulose cotton that entered the epidural space via the intervertebral foramen. It was used for hemostasis in the 5th costvertebral joint. This case indicates that oxydized cellulose cotton, which swells when it absorbs water, should be carefully used for hemostasis around the nerves.
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PMID:[Complication related to operative procedure in lung cancer and mediastinal malignancy--report of 6 cases]. 258 77

To evaluate the effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a major mediator of sepsis, on lung structure and function, we infused 200-g male Wistar rats with TNF (0, 2 x 10(5), or 4 x 10(5) U/kg of TNF) for 24 hours. Volume-pressure measurements were determined in the excised lungs using both air and saline, which eliminated surface tension forces. Total lung wet and dry weight, nitrogen level, and DNA and protein content were measured. Lungs of the rats that received TNF accepted significantly smaller volumes of air and saline at all pressures compared with the control group. Both the lung wet and dry weights increased with TNF. Lung DNA and protein content also increased, suggesting increased cellularity in the TNF-infused lungs. Thus, the lungs of the TNF-treated rats were stiffer, with reduced compliance values, and heavier due to increased water content and increased cellularity. These data indicate that sublethal administration of TNF in this rat model induces the adult respiratory distress syndrome and increases the work potential of respiration.
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PMID:Tumor necrosis factor induces adult respiratory distress syndrome in rats. 258 64

We investigated the effect of large volume replacement with balanced electrolyte solutions on extravascular lung water (EVLW) in 16 adult surgical patients with sepsis syndrome. Patients entered the study within the 24 h period following surgical interventions for acute necrotizing pancreatitis, intra-abdominal abscesses, and/or peritonitis. Sequential measurements (n = 108) were made at intervals of 6-12 h over a 48 h period. There were no significant differences between initial and final values of thermal-dye EVLW (5.0 +/- 1.1 vs. 5.7 +/- 1.1 ml/kg), plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP, 13.3 +/- 2.5 vs. 13.2 +/- 2.9 mmHg), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP, 9.2 +/- 3.0 vs. 10.8 +/- 3.0 mmHg), and COP-PAWP gradient (4.0 +/- 3.5 vs. 2.4 +/- 3.9 mmHg). All results expressed as (mean +/- SD). The EVLW did not correlate with plasma COP, PAWP, or COP-PAWP gradient. We conclude that large volume replacement with balanced electrolyte solutions with the secondary decrease in plasma COP and COP-PAWP gradient do not necessarily contribute to a substantial increase in EVLW. This study fails to show any causal relationship between decrease in plasma COP or COP-PAWP gradient and oedema formation in the lung.
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PMID:Effect of large volume replacement with balanced electrolyte solutions on extravascular lung water in surgical patients with sepsis syndrome. 260 37

The Vibrio cholerae non 01 closely related to the classic choleric vibrio epidemic has acquired worldwide importance during the last decade, with outbreaks of diarrheas, septicemia and other disorders in humans and animals. Contaminated food and water and also liquids from sewers offer important steps in the transmission chain. Its isolation in the Atlantic and Pacific coast has led us to investigate its presence in our country, using sewage for the first study. We isolated for the first time in Argentina 27 strains of Vibrio cholerae non 01 from samples taken in the district of Berisso which discharges its waters into the River Plate.
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PMID:[Isolation of Vibrio cholerae non 01 from sewage in Argentina]. 261 73

Alterations in skeletal muscle cellular function during septic shock have been previously demonstrated. However, whether these alterations represent a specific response to the septic state or are simply a consequence of low flow is uncertain. The present study was designed to evaluate the cellular membrane response to the early bacteremic state, prior to the onset of hemodynamic compromise. A clinically relevant model of sepsis was achieved in six mongrel dogs by intraarterial infusion of live Escherichia coli organisms and concurrent volume loading with lactated Ringer's solution. Four sham-treated dogs served as controls. Forty-eight hours after induction of sepsis, resting transmembrane potential (Em) was measured in a hindlimb adductor muscle. Contemporaneous muscle biopsy was performed for determination of transmembrane water and electrolyte distribution. The bacteremic state was associated with depolarization of Em to -79.7 +/- 1.2 mV from a basal value of -89.3 +/- 0.2 mV (P less than 0.01), while Em in the sham-treated group remained unchanged over the same time course. In addition, there was a significant increase in the calculated intracellular Na+ and Cl- concentrations in the septic group (P less than 0.02), while intracellular K+ was unchanged. These data are consistent with a selective increase in cell membrane permeability to Na+ and indicate that cellular alterations in skeletal muscle occur early in the septic course, in the absence of hemodynamic compromise. This alteration in membrane permeability appears to be common to cells of disparate organ systems in response to sepsis, and may represent a protean manifestation of cellular injury.
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PMID:Assessment of the early cellular membrane response to live Escherichia coli bacteremia. 264 89

Bacterial infections are lethal complications of neutropenia, and antibiotics alone are inadequate therapy for these infections. Irradiated mice become severely neutropenic and remain susceptible to infection for 2 to 3 weeks, depending on the dose and quality of radiation. Some bacterial cell wall derivatives stimulate nonspecific host defense mechanisms against a variety of microbes which might cause postirradiation infection. In this study we determined if the cell wall glycolipid trehalose dimycolate (TDM), derived from Mycobacterium phlei, or a synthetic preparation of TDM was able to (i) enhance survival in mice when given before or after lethal doses of 60Co radiation and (ii) increase nonspecific resistance to postirradiation infection. Treatment with TDM oil-in-water emulsions and with synthetic TDM significantly enhanced survival before and after lethal doses of 60Co irradiation. This result correlated with the ability of TDM to reduce the translocation of intestinal bacteria and to stimulate hematopoiesis. With respect to nonspecific resistance to infection, TDM injected 1 h after sublethal irradiation increased resistance to a lethal Klebsiella pneumoniae challenge (10 50% lethal doses of K. pneumoniae in 30 days [LD50/30]) 4 or 14 days later. Increasing the dose of K. pneumoniae to 5,000 LD50/30 on day 4 overwhelmed the ability of TDM-treated mice to overcome infection. However, TDM treatment 1 h postirradiation combined with ceftriaxone antibiotic therapy (days 5 through 14) enhanced survival, even when the higher dose of bacteria (5,000 LD50/30) was used. These results indicate that in irradiated mice, TDM can be used to enhance survival and, as a potent stimulant of nonspecific resistance to infection in neutropenic mice, can act synergistically with antibiotic therapy to reduce sepsis and mortality.
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PMID:Trehalose dimycolate enhances resistance to infection in neutropenic animals. 266 26

Melioidosis prevails in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Sporadic cases have been increasingly reported from countries located between 20 degrees north latitude and 20 degrees south latitude as well as in travelers and in soldiers who have resided in these areas. The organisms are commonly found in water and soil and are usually transmitted to humans by cutaneous or respiratory routes. Clinical manifestations range from subclinical infection to overwhelming septicemia that resembles disseminated or localized suppurative infection due to various pathogens. A rapid and accurate diagnosis can be made by demonstration of small, few, and frequently bipolar-stained gram-negative bacilli in exudate or pus. The indirect hemagglutination test is of diagnostic value in cases with involvement of the internal organs or pyrexia of unknown origin. Chloramphenicol, doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and kanamycin constitute conventional and effective chemotherapy. Newer antimicrobial agents such as piperacillin, amoxillin-clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, imipenem, and carumonam are active in susceptibility tests against the causative microorganism, Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Clinical trials for demonstration of the effectiveness of the latter agents in overwhelming septicemic melioidosis are ongoing in endemic areas.
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PMID:Melioidosis: review and update. 207 71

The protective effect of xanthines against E. coli-induced and cytokine-induced lung injury in guinea-pigs has been demonstrated recently. In the present study, the possible protective effects were examined of an analogue of pentoxifylline, HWA-138, a xanthine derivative, on lung injury in septic guinea-pigs. Three groups of animals were studied over a period of 8 hours: Group I animals--saline control injected intravenously with 3 ml 2% lysine/normal saline followed by a continuous lysine/saline infusion (1 ml/kg/hr); Group II--septic control injected intravenously with 2 x 10(9)/kg Escherichia coli followed by a continuous lysine/saline infusion (1 ml/kg/hr); and Group III--E. coli septicaemia plus HWA-138 continuous infusion (HWA-138 dissolved in lysine/saline) began with a bolus (10 mg/kg) followed by a HWA-138 continuous infusion (3 mg/kg/hr) started 60 minutes before injection of E. coli. Arterial blood pressure and white blood cell counts were monitored serially for 8 hours. Lung water (wet-to-dry ratio) and the concentration ratio of 125I-labelled albumin in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue compared to plasma (125I-albumin BAL/plasma, 125I-albumin lung/plasma) were examined. Results demonstrated that an intravenous injection of E. coli caused an increased W/D ratio (p less than 0.01) and an increased 125I-albumin lung/plasma ratio (p less than 0.01). In contrast, the HWA-138-treated group did not demonstrate significantly increased W/D lung ratios (p less than 0.01) and 125I-albumin lung/plasma ratios (p less than 0.05). The data suggest a possible role for HWA-138 in attenuating sepsis-induced lung injury.
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PMID:Attenuation of acute lung injury in septic guinea-pigs by a new xanthine derivative (HWA-138). 268 96


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