Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The emergence of multidrug-resistant microbes has serious implications for managing infection and sepsis and has stimulated efforts to develop alternative treatments, such as antimicrobial peptides. The objective of this study was to test a designer peptide, novispirin G10, against multidrug-resistant microorganisms. By two-stage radial diffusion assays, its activity against such organisms compared favorably with that of standard antibiotics and other antimicrobial peptides. It killed bacteria very rapidly, was nonhemolytic, and was relatively noncytotoxic. The peptide induced an immediate, massive efflux of potassium from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suggesting that it altered the permeability of its inner membrane. The presence of human serum reduced but did not eliminate its activity. We tested the in vivo activity of novispirin G10 in rats with an infected, partial-thickness burn that covered 20% of their total body surface area. The burned area was seeded with 10(6) CFU of a Silvadene-resistant P. aeruginosa strain, and 24 h later a single treatment with 0, 1, 3, or 6 mg of synthetic novispirin G10 (n = 16 at each concentration) per kg was given intradermally. Significant bacterial killing (P < 0.0001) was evident within 4 h in each peptide group compared to controls receiving vehicle. Antimicrobial peptides such as novispirin G10 may provide a useful alternative or adjunct to standard antibiotic agents in treating burns or other wound infections.
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PMID:Activity of novispirin G10 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in infected burns. 1201 98

This study was carried out on forty cases, classified into 3 groups; group I: 10 healthy controls subjects, group II: 20 patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and group III: 10 bilharzial patients who underwent total splenectomy. All cases were subjected to clinical examination, abdominal ultrasonography, rectal snips and laboratory investigations which included: stool and urine analysis, complete blood picture, IHAT for bilharziasis, liver function tests, viral markers, estimaton of T-lymphocyte subpopulations (CD(+)3, CD(+)4, & CD(+)8) by flow Cytometry, silver stained blood films to detect argyrophilic inclusions and 99mTc sulphur colloid splenic scan which was applied to group II only. The present results revealed varying degrees of hypersplenism (anaemia, leukopenia & thrombocytopenia) in GII. Seventy percent of this group was positive for HbsAg, HCV or both in association with schistosomiasis. Abnormal red blood cells (acanthocytes, target cells, pitted cells & normoblasts) and inclusion bodies (Howell Jolly bodies, argyrophilic inclusions & pappenhiemer bodies) were detected with different values in GIII. CD(+)4 cells were moderately reduced in GII while they were markedly decreased in GIII. CD(+)8 cells were elevated in GII and returned nearly to the normal values in GIII with decrease in number of total T-lymphocytes. Most patients of GII showed marked squestration of 99mTc labelled R.B.Cs. in the spleen with reversed hepatic/splenic ratio (normally hepatic/splenic ratio is over two). IHAT showed positivity in 90% of patients in GII while it was 50% in GIII. Although total splenectomy improved the haematological pattern and the cytopenias, which are prominent features in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, yet the immunological profile was still altered. So, it is recommended to perform segmental splenectomy with retention of a normal mass of functioning residual spleen to preserve more immunological function and to protect against life-threatening occurrence of post-splenectomy sepsis.
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PMID:Assessment of splenic functions in patients with hepato-splenic schistosomiasis using non-invasive techniques. 1256

Extraintestinal Escherichia coli strains cause meningitis, sepsis, urinary tract infection, and other infections outside the bowel. We examined here extraintestinal E. coli strain CFT073 by differential fluorescence induction. Pools of CFT073 clones carrying a CFT073 genomic fragment library in a promoterless gfp vector were inoculated intraperitoneally into mice; bacteria were recovered by lavage 6 h later and then subjected to fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Eleven promoters were found to be active in the mouse but not in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth culture. Three are linked to genes for enterobactin, aerobactin, and yersiniabactin. Three others are linked to the metabolic genes metA, gltB, and sucA, and another was linked to iha, a possible adhesin. Three lie before open reading frames of unknown function. One promoter is associated with degS, an inner membrane protease. Mutants of the in vivo-induced loci were tested in competition with the wild type in mouse peritonitis. Of the mutants tested, only CFT073 degS was found to be attenuated in peritoneal and in urinary tract infection, with virulence restored by complementation. CFT073 degS shows growth similar to that of the wild type at 37 degrees C but is impaired at 43 degrees C or in 3% ethanol LB broth at 37 degrees C. Compared to the wild type, the mutant shows similar serum survival, motility, hemolysis, erythrocyte agglutination, and tolerance to oxidative stress. It also has the same lipopolysaccharide appearance on a silver-stained gel. The basis for the virulence attenuation is unclear, but because DegS is needed for sigma(E) activity, our findings implicate sigma(E) and its regulon in E. coli extraintestinal pathogenesis.
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PMID:DegS is necessary for virulence and is among extraintestinal Escherichia coli genes induced in murine peritonitis. 1276 Oct 86

Complications resulting from infection remain a major problem for hemodialysis catheters, with significant numbers of catheters being removed due to catheter-related sepsis. Numerous strategies have been employed to reduce the occurrence of infection and improve long-term outcomes, with varying degrees of success. One promising approach is coating the external surface of catheters with silver using physical vapor deposition processes. This article reviews results of animal and clinical experiments conducted to assess efficacy and biocompatibility of silver-coated dialysis catheters. It is concluded that silver coatings can reduce bacterial colonization and occurrence of infection associated with these devices.
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PMID:Silver coating of dialysis catheters to reduce bacterial colonization and infection. 1501 35

Contaminated or infected catheters are a major source of nosocomial infections responsible for >40% of all episodes of nosocomial sepsis in acute-care hospitals. Antibiotics as well as surface modifications with, for example, hydrogels proved to be of little value in preventing the contamination of indwelling catheters. The even distribution of 10(12-13) activated silver nanoparticles per gram in various polymers, e.g. polyurethane and silicone, results in an excellent antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of organisms in vitro. Substantial reduction of incrustation of these catheters was also observed. These preliminary experimental data warrant clinical studies.
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PMID:Prevention of catheter-related infections: the potential of a new nano-silver impregnated catheter. 1503 31

Infection, thrombosis, and stenosis are among the most frequent complications associated with blood-contacting catheters. Complications resulting from infection remain a major problem for hemodialysis catheters, with significant numbers of catheters being removed due to catheter-related sepsis. Numerous strategies have been employed to reduce the occurrence of infection and im-prove long-term outcomes, with varying degrees of success. The most important is the careful and sterile handling by the attending staff of the catheters during hemodialysis treatments to minimize or stop a microbial colonization of the skin and the catheter. Another approach is coating the external surface of the catheters with substances which are antibacterial like silver and/or substances with low thrombogenicity like silicone. This investigation reviews results of animal and clinical experiments conducted to assess the efficacy and biocompatibility of silver and silicone coated dialysis catheters. It is concluded that silver coatings can reduce bacterial colonization and occurrence of infection associated with these devices. The catheters employing ion implantation of silicone rubber showed low thrombogenicity. Results of the studies indicate that ion beam based processes can be used to improve thrombus and infection resistance of blood contacting catheters. A new development is the microdomain structured surface (PUR-SMA coated catheters). Preliminary results with these catheters are very encouraging.
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PMID:Large bore catheters with surface treatments versus untreated catheters for vascular access in hemodialysis. 1520 51

The traditional approach for the treatment of partial-thickness burns has been the application of topical antimicrobial therapy to control bacterial colonization, avoid progression to invasive infection, and allow healing of the underlying burn wound. Infection is associated with apparent conversion of a second-degree burn to full-thickness injury that requires autografting, to say nothing of a source of sepsis, which has been associated with multiorgan failure and death. We postulated that early debridement and coverage of large partial-thickness burns (>40% total body surface area) with homograft would preserve underlying tissue, improves healing, and decreases morbidity. We present data obtained in 16 patients treated with the application of homograft compared to 13 patients treated with the traditional approach consisting of twice daily applications of silver sulfadiazine. The treatment of massive second-degree burns with homograft reduced hospital length of stay (P < 0.01). We thus conclude that in patients with >40% total body surface area burns, early debridement and wound coverage with homograft is an alternative method to the conservative non-operative approach with topical antimicrobial therapy.
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PMID:The use of homograft compared to topical antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of second-degree burns of more than 40% total body surface area. 1530 19

Cerium is a member of the lanthanide series or rare earth elements which exert diverse biological effects mainly by their resemblance to calcium. This similarity, which is particularly characteristic for the lighter members of the lanthanide series, enables these elements to replace calcium in biomolecules without necessarily substituting for it functionally. While the inhibitory effects on calcium-dependent physiological processes (such as those involved in the blood clotting cascade as well as in neuronal and muscular functions) are well-known, their relevance for the pharmacological properties of cerium are less clear. Historically, cerium oxalate was used as an antiemetic, especially in vomiting of pregnancy and kinetoses, although its mechanism of action has never been clarified. At present, cerium nitrate is available as an adjunct to silver sulfadiazine cream for the topical treatment of extensive burns not amenable to early wound excision. Apart from direct antiseptic effects, cerium helps to prevent postburn sepsis and systemic inflammatory response by fixing burn toxins. The antineoplastic potential of cerium compounds, which had fallen into oblivion, is currently being re-explored in experimental settings, though the mechanistic basis remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Pharmacological properties of cerium compounds. 1567 49

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of vascular polyester grafts with antibacterial properties to resist colonization following surface contamination by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in an experimental canine model or aortic graft infection. Twenty-four pathogen-free dogs underwent replacement of the infrarenal aorta with either a rifampin-soaked (30 mg/mL) or silver-impregnated (Ag-acetate) woven polyester graft. Following implantation, the external graft surface was inoculated with 2 mL of 10(7) colony-forming units/mL (CFU) of MRSA. Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis consisted of a single intravenous dose of 500 mg of sodium cefazolin. Four grafts of each type were explanted at 3, 7, and 14 days after implantation. Quantitative cultures (CFU/specimen) of perigraft fluid (1 mL), graft material (1 cm segment), and adjacent aorta (1 cm segment) were performed. Differences between grafts are expressed as % mean log reduction in recoverable CFU compared to the inoculation solution concentration of 10(7) CFUs. At 3 days, explanted rifampin-soaked grafts exhibited no MRSA growth (4 of 4 grafts) and a > or =97% mean log reduction of MRSA CFUs from the adjacent aorta and perigraft fluid (PGF). At 3 days, all silver-bonded grafts exhibited signs of infection and a mean log CFU reduction of MRSA ranging from 68% (absolute range 10(1)-10(3) recoverable CFU) for the graft, 79% (absolute range 10(1)-10(3) recoverable CFU) for the aorta, and 86% (absolute range 10(1)-10(4) recoverable CFU) for PGF. The 7-day rifampin group had an average log reduction in MRSA CFU of 72% (graft), 58% (PGF), 75% (aorta). Quantitative cultures of 14-day rifampin grafted demonstrated continued bacterial growth suppression with mean MRSA CFU log reductions of 82%, graft; 72%, PGF; 89%, aorta. Silver-bonded grafts demonstrated <50% mean CFU reduction in MRSA growth at 7 days (absolute range 10(5)-10(7) recoverable CFU) and 14 days (absolute range 10(3)-10(7) recoverable CFU). No animal died from sepsis or anastomotic hemorrhage. Neither rifampin- nor silver-bonded grafts demonstrated prolonged resistance to surface MRSA contamination. Rifampin-soaked polyester grafts exhibited a marked but transient resistance MRSA colonization likely the result of high antibiotic concentration in the perigraft tissue. While both types of grafts failed to eradicate the MRSA infection future research with silver-bonded grafts that have an additional antibiotic attached may have a place in the treatment of MRSA infection.
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PMID:Graft infectivity of rifampin and silver-bonded polyester grafts to MRSA contamination. 1619 13

Central venous lines were used to administer total parenteral nutrition at our institution. In an attempt to reduce line sepsis, silver impregnated cuff central lines (Hohn catheter) were adopted as standard of practice. Using a comprehensive morbidity and mortality database, 134 patients with Hohn catheters were compared to 252 patients who had polypropylene central line. The incidence of central line sepsis was increased with Hohn catheters to 23 of 134 (17.2%). This compared to 8 of 252 (3.2%) patients with polypropylene catheters (P < 0.0001). Also, an increased incidence of pulmonary embolism of 15 of 134 (11.2%) in patients with Hohn catheters was observed as compared to 2 of 252 (0.8%) with a polypropylene catheter (P < 0.0001). Insertion of Hohn catheters through the intrajugular vein was judged to be more difficult than polypropylene catheters. This may cause increased trauma to the vein resulting in a higher incidence of line infection and pulmonary embolism.
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PMID:Prospective nonrandomized trial of silver impregnated cuff central lines. 1654 18


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