Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An immunosuppressed mouse model was devised to test the effects of immunopotentiators on the prevention of bacterial and fungal infections. The effects of BCG and Corynebacterium were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans infection. The effect of methanol-extraction residue (MER-BCG) was tested against S. aureus septicemia. CDF mice were given various doses of BCG, 1.0 mg of C. parvum, or 0.5 mg of MER intraperitoneally at varying intervals before injection of an intravenous bacterial challenge. Four days before challenge, 300 mg of cyclophosphamide per ml was given intraperitoneally. BCG (106 colony-forming units) reduced mortality due to S.aureus at pretreatment intervals of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide treatment elimated the protective effect of the live BCG. C. parvum was as effective as BCG against S. aureus septicemia when given 3 days before infection, but lost most of its protective effect after that time. MER protected at doses as small as 0.25 mg when given 25 days prior to challenge. Both BCG and C. parvum exerted a protective effect against Candida albicans infection.
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PMID:Effects of BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, and methanol-extration residue in the reduction of mortality from Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans infections in immunosuppressed mice. 110 24

It is well known that patients who undergo surgical operations have a high risk of infection and sepsis. One explanation for this high risk may be a depression of neutrophil functions at the postoperative period. In the present study, the effects of surgical stresses on neutrophil functions were studied in ten patients who underwent general anesthesia and major surgery. The neutrophil functions especially focused on were the producing capacities of 5-lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid such as Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), LTC4, LTD4, 6-trans-LTB4, and w-oxidation products of LTB4. Neutrophils were stimulated with calcium-ionophore A23187 (2x10(-5) M) in the presence of arachidonic acid (5x10(-5) M) for 5 minutes at 37 degrees C. The arachidonic acid metabolites were extracted by methanol. After centrifugation, the supernatant of the mixture was concentrated and applied to a C-18 column on reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) system, monitoring the absorbance at 280 nm. In all cases, the LTB4 production significantly increased postoperatively with an increment of 6-trans-LTB4 and w-oxidation products of LTB4. The LTC4 production, by contrast, significantly decreased postoperatively. LTD4 production was observed at neither pre nor postoperative periods. The total amount of LTA4 metabolites at the postoperative period, including LTB4, LTC4, and 6-trans-LTB4, increased 1.2 times compared with that at preoperative period. This indicates the possibility of the alteration of the neutrophil metabolism in 5-lipoxygenase cascade, the increment of LTA4 generation and the change of LTA4 metabolism from LTC4 synthesis to LTB4 generating pathway.
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PMID:Neutrophil producing capacity of 5-lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid after major surgery. 260 90

The permeability of eschar is an important factor governing rational approaches to topical control of burn wound sepsis. Previous work has shown the burn wound to have a highly variable permeability immediately after burning depending on the manner of burning. But the burn is also a dynamic wound and its physical state changes during the process of maturation. The present studies are an early attempt to characterize wound permeability as a function of maturation. Hairless mice were burned dorsally for 15 seconds on a metal surface maintained at 80 degree C. The time and temperature conditions were chosen to effect a deep partial-thickness to full-thickness injury on the animal. Mice were sacrificed daily post burn over a 2-week period and the permeabilities of 3H-methanol and 14C-butanol through the excised eschar were measured. Te eschar permeability coefficients were directly compared to permeability coefficients for the same compounds found with abdominal skin sections taken concurrently from each animal. It was observed that the branding initially caused a 50 per cent increase in the permeability of methanol and a 300-400 per cent increase in the permeability of maturation. Thereafter permeabilities tended to increase, gradually at first, but accelerating to a maximum which was observed at approximately 10 days. At the maximum, methanol's permeability was 20 times and butanol's 12 times their normal values. For both compounds permeability of eschar decreased past the maximum until termination of the studies at 14 days.
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PMID:Permeability of thermally damaged skin v: permeability over the course of maturation of a deep partial-thickness wound. 705 62

Seventy-nine patients with metastatic breast cancer underwent examination of their bone marrow as part of their staging workup. Thirty-one (39%) showed no evidence of bone marrow involvement (BM-); 48 (61%) were found to have bone marrow metastases (BM+). Both groups of patients were treated with intensive chemotherapy with 5-FU, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and nonspecific immunotherapy with BCG, methanol extraction residue, or Levamisole. The groups were comparable in age, race, menopausal status, and disease-free interval; however, the BM+ group had a higher proportion of patients with dominant osseous disease and a somewhat lower overall tumor burden. Ten of 21 patients in the BM+ group treated with 100% of the calculated dose of chemotherapy are still alive, compared with only three of 27 patients treated with lower doses. A similar dose response was observed in the BM- group. Myelosuppression was more common and more severe in the BM+ group. Hematologic support, i.e., packed erythrocytes and platelet transfusions, was required in 60% of BM+ patients, as opposed to 26% of BM-. Infectious complications were also higher in the BM+ group, in which five episodes of sepsis and two infectious deaths were observed. These results suggest that metastatic breast cancer patients with bone marrow invasion achieve excellent palliation with aggressive high-dose chemotherapy. Higher morbidity requiring aggressive supportive care suggests that these patients should be treated by physicians and centers experienced in their management.
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PMID:Combination chemotherapy for breast cancer metastatic to bone marrow. 723 95

Treatment of mice with Trichopus zeylanicus leaf resulted in inhibition of antigen-induced degranulation of sensitized peritoneal mast cells. Further, it reduced the ratio of mast cells in the peritoneal exudate cells. The plant drug treatment did not protect mice from E. coli-induced abdominal sepsis. Studies in rats using mesenteric mast cells confirmed the above mast cell-stabilizing property of T. zeylanicus. This activity was found in the butanol fraction of methanol extract of T. zeylanicus leaf. The treatment with this fraction also reduced the number of rat mesenteric mast cells. However, the in vitro treatment of the mast cells with the butanol fraction did not inhibit antigen-induced degranulation of the mast cells.
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PMID:Inhibition of antigen-induced degranulation of sensitized mast cells by Trichopus zeylanicus in mice and rats. 1062 73

In alcoholic patients, metabolic acidosis can be related to lactate acidosis associated with sepsis or thiamine deficiency, ketoacidosis, methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning. High resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be used to detect abnormal organic acid metabolites in urine or serum from patients with various metabolic disorders. In the present case, a 26-year-old patient was admitted for a coma associated with severe metabolic acidosis. Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) was identified by urine proton NMR. Her metabolic disorders rapidly improved. Persisting associated neurological alteration was related to extrapontine myelinolysis as shown by imaging cerebral NMR.
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PMID:Rapid diagnosis of alcoholic ketoacidosis by proton NMR. 1139 10

Cordyceps pruinosa has been used in traditional folk medicine to treat numerous diseases. The molecular mechanism of C. pruinosa pharmacological and biochemical actions of macrophages in inflammation has not been clearly elucidated. We examined how the methanol extract of C. pruinosa regulates production of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in vitro and in vivo. The extract inhibits these inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and primary macrophages, by suppressing gene expression of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2. Moreover, the extract suppresses the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB activation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Administration of the extract significantly decreases the plasma levels of these inflammatory mediators in LPS-injected mice. These results suggest that the C. pruinosa methanol extract suppresses inflammation through suppression of NF-kappaB-dependent inflammatory gene expression, suggesting that the C. pruinosa extract may be beneficial for treatment of endotoxin shock or sepsis.
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PMID:Methanol extract of Cordyceps pruinosa inhibits in vitro and in vivo inflammatory mediators by suppressing NF-kappaB activation. 1283 77

The methanol extract of Anacardium occidentale stem bark was evaluated for activities against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock, as well as LPS-induced microvascular permeability in mice. Pre-treatment with Anacardium occidentale extract (25-200 mg/kg) caused a dose-dependent and significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the elevated levels of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases in the sera of D-galactosamine-primed mice injected with LPS. The highest dose of the extract studied (200 mg/kg) produced a 100% protection against death from sepsis. Pentoxifylline (100 mg/kg) and L-NAME (5 mg/kg) offered 100% protection against LPS-induced septic shock, and produced marked reduction in elevated levels of transferases. A dose-related inhibition of LPS-induced microvascular permability in mice was also produced by pentoxifylline, L-NAME and the extract.
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PMID:Effects of Anacardium occidentale stem bark extract on in vivo inflammatory models. 1550 26

Biophytum sensitivum has been used in traditional folk medicine to treat numerous diseases. The molecular mechanism of B. sensitivum pharmacological and biochemical actions of macrophages in inflammation has not been clearly elucidated. We examined how the methanol extract of B. sensitivum regulates the production of interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-6, and nitric oxide (NO) in vitro and in vivo. The extract inhibits the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Concanavalin (Con) A-stimulated primary macrophages. In vitro L929 bioassay revealed the inhibition of TNF-alpha production by B. sensitivum treatment. Moreover, the extract could suppress the inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 mRNA expression in LPS or Con A-stimulated macrophages. These findings provide evidence that B. sensitivum possesses potential anti-inflammatory activity and may be beneficial for the treatment of endotoxin shock or sepsis.
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PMID:Methanol extract of Biophytum sensitivum alters the cytokine profile and inhibits iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS/Con A stimulated macrophages. 1816 16

PU.1 is a master transcription factor whose levels directly influence hematopoiesis, leukemia, susceptibility to sepsis, and macrophage function. Though measurement of PU.1 levels is important to health and disease, most studies have relied on PCR or western blots to measure the expression of this transcription factor. An accessible, validated assay that could measure PU.1 protein in subpopulations of cells is needed. In this work we present an optimized flow cytometric assay to detect PU.1 in subpopulations of immune cells. Murine myeloid cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilized, and then stained with anti PU.1 in the presence and absence of a blocking peptide containing the binding site of the antibody. The bound anti PU.1 was then visualized with a labeled second antibody. Methanol and ethanol were tested for their relative ability to permeabilize cells and detect PU.1. The effect of the procedure upon the ability to detect cellular subpopulations was examined. Relative PU.1 1evels in normal T cells, B cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and progenitors from the spleen and/or bone marrow were determined. Finally, PU.1 levels in proliferating myeloid cells from burn mice were determined. There was a dose dependent increase in the amount of PU.1 detected with increasing amounts of PU.1 antibody that was not seen when blocking peptide was used. Methanol or ethanol gave equivalent results as permeabilization agents, but the latter allowed easier detection of surface antigens when surface staining was performed prior to permeabilization. T cells had little if any PU.1, while B cells had intermediate levels of PU.1, and myeloid cells had high levels of PU.1. Monocytes had higher levels of PU.1 than did neutrophils or spleen macrophages. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells had lower levels of PU.1 than did conventional dendritic cells. Immature myeloid cells had higher levels of PU.1 than did mature myeloid cells. In addition, PU.1 levels were higher in proliferating cells than the corresponding non proliferating cells. Myeloid cells derived from burn mice tended to have higher levels of PU.1 than did unburned, but proliferating cells from burn or sham mice showed no difference in their levels of PU.1. This assay should be a useful addition to the tools used to study the function of PU.1 in health and disease.
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PMID:Optimization and application of a flow cytometric PU.1 assay for murine immune cells. 2258 56


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