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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In systemic and local infections, the therapeutic efficacy of cefpirome was compared to that of imipenem and cefotaxime. Murine septicemia induced with methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains responded well to cefpirome and imipenem therapy, the ED50 values ranged from 0.8 to 28.40 mg/kg and 0.5 to 15.58 mg/kg, respectively. The carbapenem also displayed high efficacy against Enterococci and was more potent than cefpirome. Cefotaxime, however, exhibited lower activity or proved to be inactive against these strains. With ED50 values of 0.03 to 31.33 mg/kg, cefpirome was the most active of the three antibiotics in protecting mice challenged with Enterobacteriaceae. The corresponding ED50 values of imipenem and cefotaxime ranged from 0.72 to 70.95 mg/kg and 0.06 to 66.30 mg/kg, respectively. Despite distinctly lower in vitro activity against the infecting organism, cefpirome showed efficacy similar to imipenem in the treatment of subcutaneous S. aureus abscesses in mice. It was more effective than imipenem and cefotaxime against experimental Klebsiella pneumonia in mice and the Escherichia coli infected granuloma pouch in rats.
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PMID:Comparative chemotherapeutic activity of cefpirome and imipenem in experimental infections. 240 7

A review of two third-generation cephalosporins, ceftazidime and cefotaxime, is presented. Ceftazidime, often used as a single agent, has shown greater activity than cefotaxime against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas species, Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter sp, and Enterobacter sp. It has been effective as monotherapy in the treatment of peritonitis, gynecologic infections, chronic bronchitis, and infections in patients with leukemia and granulocytopenia, as has cefotaxime when in combination with an aminoglycoside. Cefotaxime has shown good activity against most aerobic gram-negative bacilli and against Staphylococcus. It has been used in respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and septicemia. In contrast to first-generation and most second-generation cephalosporins, third-generation cephalosporins have proven useful in some types of meningitis. Ceftazidime and cefotaxime successfully penetrate into the cerebrospinal fluid and cures of bacterial meningitis have been reported with both drugs. Both ceftazidime and cefotaxime have been successfully used in children, infants, and neonates, as well as adults. Safety profiles of ceftazidime compare favorably with those of other third-generation cephalosporins.
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PMID:Ceftazidime and cefotaxime--the clinician's choice. 266 Sep 95

Time-kill studies and synergy testing were performed with blood culture isolates from 80 patients with septicemia. Ten isolates each of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, indole-positive Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and coagulase-negative staphylococci were included. The isolates were tested against netilmicin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and cefotaxime, alone and in different combinations. Cefotaxime was the most active agent against Enterobacteriaceae, whereas netilmicin was the most active agent against P. aeruginosa and staphylococci. The most active antibiotic combinations were netilmicin-cefotaxime and netilmicin-piperacillin, where a synergistic activity was observed in 68 and 61%, respectively. The highest synergistic activity was against Enterobacteriaceae, but the netilmicin-cefotaxime combination also acted synergistically against more than half of the S. aureus isolates. A relatively low synergistic activity was noted against P. aeruginosa. No case of antagonism was observed. Subinhibitory concentrations of netilmicin, in combination with a greater than or equal to MIC concentration of one of the tested beta-lactam antibiotics, significantly improved the killing of the isolates. Netilmicin exerted a more rapid and pronounced bacterial reduction than the beta-lactam antibiotics tested.
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PMID:Time-kill studies and synergy testing of broad-spectrum antibiotics against blood culture isolates. 318 Sep 8

The biliary elimination of cefotaxime (CTX) and its metabolite desacetylcefotaxime (DSCTX) were measured by HPLC in nine recently cholecystectomised patients following the i. v. injection of 15 mg/kg body weight of CTX. All of the bile was collected by an original procedure: the inflated balloon of a Fogarty catheter was introduced into the distal branch of a Kehr drain T-tube. Biliary clearance of CTX and DSCTX was measured for 8 h. Cefotaxime peaked at 90 min after injection at 34.5 +/- 15.3 mg/l; in the 7-8 h sample it was 2.7 +/- 1.7 mg/l. DSCTX peaked at the same time at 49.3 +/- 17.0 mg/l, and was 4.6 +/- 3.2 mg/l at 8 h. The bile/serum ratio of CTX and DSCTX concentrations was above 1 from the first to the eighth hours (range: 1.35 +/- 1.08 to 11.0 +/- 3.1). The biliary clearance of CTX was 0.190 ml/min. The total amounts of CTX and DSCTX eliminated in bile were respectively 1050 +/- 472.8 micrograms and 1902.7 +/- 804.1 micrograms (0.093 +/- 0.041% of the dose and 0.186 +/- 0.077% of the dose). Considering the minimum inhibitory concentration of the pathogens currently encountered in biliary sepsis, CTX should be a suitable antimicrobial agent for the treatment of biliary infections.
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PMID:Investigation of the biliary clearances of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime by an original procedure in cholecystectomised patients. 343 77

The biliary excretion of cefotaxime (CTX) and its metabolite desacetylcefotaxime (DSCTX) was measured by HPLC in 9 recently cholecystectomized-patients following the IV injection of 15 mg/kg body weight of CTX. The totality of bile was collected by an original procedure: the inflated balloon of a Fogarty catheter was introduced into the distal branch of a Kehr drain T-tube. Biliary clearance of CTX and DSCTX was measured for 8 h. Cefotaxime peaked at 90 min. after injection at 34.5 +/- 15.3 micrograms/ml; in the 7-8 h sample it was 2.7 +/- 1.7 micrograms/ml. DSCTX peaked at the same time at 49.3 +/- 17.0 micrograms/ml, and was 4.6 +/- 3.2 micrograms/ml at 8 h. The bile/serum ratio of CTX and DSCTX concentration was 1 from the 1st to the 8th hours (range: 1.35 +/- 1.08 to 11.0 +/- 3.1). The biliary clearance of CTX was 0.190 ml/min. The total amounts of CTX and DSCTX eliminated in bile were respectively 1050 +/- 472.8 micrograms and 1902.7 +/- 804.1 micrograms (0.093 +/- 0.041 p. 100 of the dose and 0.186 +/- 0.077 p. 100 of the dose). Considering the minimum inhibitory concentration of the pathogens currently encountered in the biliary sepsis, CTX should be a suitable antimicrobial agent for the treatment of biliary infections.
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PMID:[Biliary excretion of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime]. 344 30

Cefotaxime at a dosage of 3 gm intravenously every eight hours was administered to 80 patients with hematological malignancies and suspected septicemia. Blood samples for culturing were taken before and during antibiotic therapy. Nineteen patients had verified bacteremia and ten of them responded completely to cefotaxime. Twelve of the 19 patients had granulocyte counts of less than 0.5 X 10(9)/L. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of cefotaxime, ceftazidime, moxalactam, cefsulodin, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and cefamandole against the pathogens were measured: cefotaxime was the best cephalosporin against gram-negative isolates and was found acceptable against gram-positive bacteria. In 61 patients no bacteremia could be demonstrated, but specific pathogens were isolated in 11 patients: from the urine in five, from the sputum in five, and from a perianal abscess in one. Complete response was obtained with cefotaxime in seven of these 11 patients. Monotherapy with cefotaxime in septicemic patients with hematological malignancies appears to be a valuable alternative to other antibiotic regimens.
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PMID:Cefotaxime monotherapy in septicemic patients with hematological malignancies. 381 62

Seven neonates were treated with cefotaxime during eight episodes of Gram-negative bacillary meningitis and sepsis. The causative organisms were Escherichia coli in six cases and Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter sakazakii in one each. After identification of the pathogen cefotaxime was used alone in six instances. Two patients with brain abscesses received adjunctive therapy with another antibiotic. The sterility of cerebrospinal fluid was documented after a mean of 3.3 days of therapy. Mean cerebrospinal fluid bactericidal titer was 1:64. All patients recovered with good neurologic outcome. Cefotaxime in a dosage of 150 mg/kg/day divided every 6 hours intravenously seems safe and effective therapy for neonatal Gram-negative bacillary meningitis.
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PMID:Cefotaxime therapy of neonatal gram-negative bacillary meningitis. 390 Sep 46

Cefotaxime (CTX) was administered to 117 pediatric patients. Although 26 of these patients were excluded from the clinical evaluation of the study because other antimicrobial agents were given concomitantly with CTX or because no infectious diseases were proved, these cases were evaluated for adverse effects of the drug. The remaining 91 cases were evaluated for clinical effect; pneumonia in 56 cases, septicemia in 5, suspected septicemia in 5, meningitis (aseptic cases included) in 3, urinary tract infection in 5 and other diseases in 17. No pathogenic organisms were identified in any of the pneumonia cases, even either by bacterial culture or other laboratory test methods. Pathogens of septicemia were E. coli in 3 cases, K. pneumoniae in 1 and E. agglomerans in 1. Those of urinary tract infections were E. coli in 3 cases, a mixed infection of S. aureus and an unidentified species of Gram-negative rods in 1, and unknown in 1. Clinical effectiveness rates of CTX were 78.6% in pneumonia and 100% in septicemia, suspected septicemia and urinary tract infections. One patient with purulent meningitis caused by H. influenzae was also treated with CTX successfully. Adverse reactions and abnormal laboratory findings were observed in 12 cases (12/117 = 10.3%); rash in 2 cases, vomiting in 1, abdominal pain in 1, diarrhea in 5, granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia in 1, eosinophilia in 3 and elevation of liver enzymes (GOT and LDH) in 1.
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PMID:[Effectiveness of cefotaxime in pediatric infectious diseases]. 398 70

Cefotaxime sodium was assigned to the open formulary for 12 months and then was placed on formulary restriction to evaluate the restriction's effect on rate of use by services and appropriateness of use. Over 18 months, 187 cases (72 before and 115 after restriction) were reviewed. The majority of use (prerestriction and postrestriction) was in the medicine, pediatrics, and surgery services. The postrestriction usage rate for the three services increased significantly. Cefotaxime was used appropriately in 85% of cases during both periods and was not used prophylactically. Appropriateness of use was independent of formulary restriction. During both periods, approximately 76% of patients received cefotaxime for pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, or immunosuppression. Of 205 infections, gram-negative bacilli accounted for over half of the pathogens isolated. Thus, formulary restriction was ineffective in reducing the rate of cefotaxime usage and had no effect on the appropriateness of usage.
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PMID:Effect of formulary restriction of cefotaxime usage. 400 30

We studied the activity of cefotaxime both microbiologically and clinically. 138 blood cultures positive for gram-positive cocci were evaluated (90 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 25 of Streptococcus faecalis, 13 of Streptococcus alpha and ten of Streptococcus mutans). Cefotaxime showed good activity against all strains with the exception of S. mutans, of which only 30% were sensitive. Ten cases of gram-positive infections were studied clinically: six sepsis cases and one endocarditis case due to S. aureus, two sepsis cases caused by Streptococcus alpha and one Enterococcus endocarditis case. Therapy was successful in nine; the S. aureus endocarditis failed. The local and general tolerance of cefotaxime was good.
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PMID:Clinical experience of cefotaxime in infections caused by gram-positive pathogens. 405 40


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