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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The nephrotoxicity of the aminoglycoside amikacin sulfate was evaluated in an open, controlled study of newborns with presumed neonatal sepsis. One hundred twelve neonates were randomly allocated to receive either amikacin-ampicillin or mezlocillin, a semisynthetic penicillin. Neonates receiving amikacin, in contrast to those receiving mezlocillin, showed significant nephrotoxicity as evidenced by a delayed postnatal fall in mean serum creatinine level (82 to 80 mumol/L [0.93 to 0.90 mg/dL] vs 84 to 72 mumol/L [0.95 to 0.82 mg/dL]) and a delayed postnatal rise in mean creatinine clearance per kilogram of body weight (12% vs 38%). Furthermore, 40% of neonates receiving amikacin-ampicillin compared with 19% of neonates receiving mezlocillin had a decline in creatinine clearance (greater than 25%). There was no relationship between amikacin nephrotoxicity and either peak or trough amikacin levels. In summary, in a controlled study of the use of amikacin and mezlocillin in neonates, the combination of amikacin and ampicillin proved more nephrotoxic to the newborn kidney.
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PMID:A controlled study of the nephrotoxicity of mezlocillin and amikacin in the neonate. 331 75

The nephrotoxicity of the aminoglycoside gentamicin was evaluated in an open, controlled study of newborn infants randomly allocated to receive either combination drug therapy with gentamicin and ampicillin or single drug therapy with mezlocillin for treatment of presumed neonatal sepsis. There were no significant differences in initial clinical characteristics between the groups. Neonates receiving gentamicin, in contrast to those receiving mezlocillin, had significant nephrotoxicity manifested by a smaller postnatal fall in mean serum creatinine concentration (-9%, P NS vs -21%, P less than 0.005, respectively) and a diminished postnatal rise in mean creatinine clearance (+ 21%, P NS vs + 51%, P less than 0.01, respectively). In neonates with a fall in creatinine clearance, the mean decline was significantly greater in those receiving gentamicin (44% vs 20%, P less than 0.01). There was no relationship between the incidence of gentamicin nephrotoxicity and either peak or trough gentamicin levels. For treatment of presumed neonatal sepsis, gentamicin proved more nephrotoxic than mezlocillin.
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PMID:A controlled study of the nephrotoxicity of mezlocillin and gentamicin plus ampicillin in the neonate. 331 64

A randomized prospective clinical trial was conducted to determine the influence of dexamethasone therapy on nitrogen metabolism in patients with isolated head trauma without any pathologies. One group of 12 patients was not given steroids (groups NS). To the 12 patients of the second group, a dose of 0.36 mg/kg/day of dexamethasone was administered for the first nine days of stay (group S) in hospital. At the beginning of the study, between the two groups, there were no differences in age, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale Score, type of injury. In order to avoid bias, phenytoin, barbiturates and muscle-relaxant drugs were not given and the same caloric and protein intake was prefixed for both groups. The urea excretion, nitrogen output, nitrogen balance and cumulative nitrogen balance were not statistically different in the two groups throughout the period of study. Similar were also weight losses, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen, albumin and creatinine levels. The outcome, evaluated at 3 months, was also similar. The incidence of sepsis, pulmonary and urinary infections, gastric reflux duration and quantity, was not higher in the steroid group compared with non-steroid treated patients.
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PMID:Effect of dexamethasone on nitrogen metabolism in brain-injured patients. 333 95

Perioperative endotoxemia was detected in 24 of 40 patients who underwent operation for obstructive jaundice (bilirubin level greater than 5.8 mg/dl). Endotoxemia was associated with an increased admission serum bilirubin level (p less than 0.05) and white blood cell count (p less than 0.05) and a decreased hematocrit value (p less than 0.05), but there was no significant association with other established preoperative risk factors. Patients with preoperative endotoxemia had a decreased immunoglobulin M anti-J5 endotoxin titer (p less than 0.05) and a decreased serum bile acid concentration (p less than 0.05). Preoperative endotoxemia was associated with reduced creatinine clearance before and after operation (p less than 0.05). There was no association between endotoxemia and clinical sepsis, gram-negative infection, or small-bowel colonization. Patients who died had increased preoperative serum fibrin degradation products (p less than 0.05).
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PMID:Endotoxemia in obstructive jaundice. Observations on cause and clinical significance. 334 55

One hundred and twenty-nine jaundiced patients were operated upon for the relief of benign and malignant bile duct obstruction during a 10-year period, 1977-86. The overall mortality was 4.7 per cent but increased to 9.1 per cent in patients with a serum bilirubin greater than 300 mumol/l. In all, 46.5 per cent of patients had a rise in postoperative creatinine but renal dysfunction occurred in only 4.7 per cent. Wound infection developed in 3.1 per cent of patients and appeared unrelated to infected bile; 3.9 per cent of patients were treated for postoperative septicaemic episodes. The low morbidity and mortality observed suggests that preoperative biliary drainage need not be considered in routine surgical practice if simple measures to maintain urine flow and prevent postoperative sepsis are used.
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PMID:Surgical morbidity and mortality in one hundred and twenty-nine patients with obstructive jaundice. 334 28

The impact of the extent of renal injury and the method of treatment on patient outcome has not been well defined. Ninety-two patients with 96 renal injuries treated by a variety of surgical methods were evaluated to determine whether outcome was influenced by the extent of renal injury (minor, major, vascular, or bilateral) or the method of treatment (exploration alone, renorrhaphy, partial nephrectomy, nephrectomy, vascular repair, combined surgery, or bilateral surgery). Each patient was assessed for the extent of associated injury (injury score, transfusion requirement), the presence of shock, degree of hematuria, type of injury and method of repair, incidence of major complications, and azotemia (creatinine greater than 1.5 mg/dl). Eight patients died, ten developed azotemia, and 35 developed a major complication. There was a statistically significant association between the extent of injury and the development of azotemia. A statistically significant relationship was noted between the type of repair (nephrectomy, combined and bilateral surgery) and the development of azotemia, major complication and eventual death. These relationships, however, seemed to be a product of the extent of associated injury and consequent development of sepsis and multiple organ failure rather than the extent of renal injury or the method of repair.
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PMID:Surgical management of renal trauma: analysis of risk factors, technique, and outcome. 339 86

The efficacy and safety of aztreonam in the treatment of serious gam-negative infections were investigated in 20 patients, 19 of whom were more than 60 years old. There were 13 cases of upper urinary tract infection, 6 of septicemia and one of peritonitis. Half the patients were in a critical clinical condition with significant severe underlying disease. Aztreonam was given i.v. or i.m. in doses ranging from 1.5 to 4 g/day according to the severity of the infection. The duration of treatment ranged from 7 to 20 days. In 5 patients with mixed infections due to gram-positive and anaerobic organisms in addition to gram-negative pathogens, aztreonam was given in combination with clindamycin and metronidazole as appropriate. Clinical and bacteriological cures were observed in all 20 patients. There were two cases of reinfection and 3 of superinfection--all occurred in patients with severe underlying disease. Untoward effects were few and of minor severity. Creatinine clearance remained stable or improved during aztreonam treatment, even in patients with significant renal impairment. In conclusion, aztreonam was shown to be both effective and safe in the treatment of serious gram-negative infections in elderly patients--even those with impaired renal function. In such indications aztreonam appears to be a good alternative to potentially toxic drugs such as the aminoglycosides.
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PMID:Aztreonam in the treatment of serious gram-negative infections in the elderly. 340 89

The incidence and the clinical implications of hypocalcemia were evaluated in acutely ill patients admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit of the Detroit Receiving Hospital. Total and ionized calcium levels were prospectively evaluated upon admission for all patients over a three-month interval. A high proportion of patients (62 of 88, 70 percent) were found to have decreased levels of both total and ionized calcium. Known causes of hypocalcemia could be identified in only 28 patients (45 percent). These included hypomagnesemia (17, 28 percent), renal insufficiency (five, 8 percent), alkalosis (four, 6 percent), and acute pancreatitis (two, 3 percent). In the remaining 34 patients (55 percent), no readily identifiable cause could be found. These 34 patients had a lower mean albumin level than did the 23 normocalcemic patients (p less than 0.01), but there were no differences in age, pH, serum creatinine, magnesium, or phosphate between the two groups. Serum albumin correlated directly with ionized calcium levels (n = 82, r = 0.33, p less than 0.01), as well as with total calcium levels (n = 76, r = 0.70, p less than 0.01). There was a strong association between sepsis and hypocalcemia. Patients who survived the hospitalization had higher mean ionized calcium, total calcium, and albumin values than did nonsurvivors, but there were no differences in age, serum creatinine, magnesium, and phosphate between the two groups. The mortality of the hypocalcemic patients (44 percent) was significantly greater (p less than 0.05) than the mortality of the normocalcemic patients (17 percent). These findings suggest that hypocalcemia is a very common abnormality in acutely ill patients and is associated with a poor prognosis.
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PMID:Prevalence and clinical implications of hypocalcemia in acutely ill patients in a medical intensive care setting. 340 50

Denver type peritoneo-venous (PV) shunting for intractable ascites was performed in 16 patients also treated with endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (ST) for variceal haemorrhage. Indications, timing and results of shunt insertion are detailed and discussed. Serial ST for eradication of varices could be completed in 10 patients a median of 7 months before PV shunting. The postoperative risk of bleeding was increased four times, i.e. the number of GI bleedings per month of follow-up, was 0.05 and 0.21 (p less than 0.05) respectively, before and after shunt operation. Two patients experienced their first variceal bleeding and 6 patients rebled during a median follow-up of 3 months after PV shunting. The Denver shunt succeeded in resolving ascites clinically in 13 patients within 7 days with a median decrease in weight of 10 kg, parallel to increased urinary output and reduced serum-creatinine. Three patients did not benefit from the shunt procedure due to terminal neoplastic disease (one patient), and severe hepatorenal failure, although the shunts were proven patent. Serious complications included clinically important consumptive coagulopathy, DIC-syndrome (two patients), myocardial infarction (one), pulmonary embolism (three), and sepsis following intervention of obstruction (one).
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PMID:Peritoneo-venous shunting and endoscopic sclerotherapy in patients with portal hypertension. 349 19

In a randomized prospective study, two different regimens of antibiotic prophylaxis have been tested: four-day cefazolin prophylaxis (Kefzol 0.5 gr every 6 h) compared with two-day cefuroxime administration (Zinacef 1.5 gr every 12 h). A total of 569 patients in the two groups were studied in a 10 month period. Haematological, liver function, serum creatinine and urea measurement were made preoperatively and repeated daily for the first four days and after one week. At least five chest X-rays were taken during the hospitalisation. Body temperature was measured regularly every two hours in the ICU and a least twice a day thereafter. The wounds were examined daily and the patients were carefully observed for other infections. Bacteriological examinations of the tips of all inserted catheters and pacemaker wires were undertaken on removal in the first four months of the trial. Swabs of any tracheal or wound secretion or pus taken for bacteriological examinations as also blood cultures in any suspected septicaemia. Of the 569 patients three had to be withdrawn from the study. Of the assessable ones 285 received cefuroxime and 281 were given cefazolin. Seven patients (1.2%) died postoperatively. The total infection rate was 5.5%: 5.7% in the cefazolin group and 5.3% in the cefuroxime group. The overall wound infection rate was 1.8%: 2.5% in the cefazolin group and 1.1% in the cefuroxime group. Septicaemia occurred in 0.5% of the cases. Pneumonia occurred in 11 (1.9%) patients; 1.5% in the cefazolin and 2.5% in the cefuroxime group. Seven patients (1.2%) developed a urinary tract infection; 1.4% in the cefazolin group and 1.1% in the cefuroxime group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis in cardiovascular surgery. A prospective randomized trial comparing two day cefuroxime prophylaxis with four day cefazolin prophylaxis. 351 30


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