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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Physicians and surgeons have long recognized that septic illness may be accompanied by abnormal brain functions; however, no systematic, comprehensive study has been done to define the clinical and laboratory features of the syndrome of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. We undertook such a prospective study in a tertiary care hospital and found that of 69 patients with fever and microbial cultures, 32 had marked brain dysfunction, 17 showed mild encephalopathy, and 20 were clinically nonencephalopathic. Severe cases showed obtundation and paratonic rigidity while milder cases showed confusion, inappropriate behavior, inattention, disorientation, and writing errors. There were no focal neurological deficits. The following factors correlated with the severity of brain dysfunction: adult respiratory distress syndrome; fatal outcome; certain types of EEG abnormality; axonal peripheral neuropathy; elevated peripheral white blood cell count; elevated serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, creatinine, phosphate, potassium, and urea; reduced blood pressure and reduced serum albumin level. Our data suggest that brain functions fail with dysfunction of other organs in septic illness. Pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. The brain dysfunction should be regarded as potentially reversible, even in severely encephalopathic cases. Prompt control of the infection is the most important measure in controlling the encephalopathy and in preventing the increased mortality found with severely encephalopathic patients.
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PMID:The encephalopathy associated with septic illness. 207 9

Renal failure in sepsis often occurs without other organ failure such as cardiovascular or pulmonary dysfunction. An endotoxin-induced renal insufficiency model using rabbits, which does not complicate other organ failure, was developed. To selectively damage kidneys endotoxin (40 micrograms/kg/h, 3 h) was infused through a cannula placed into the abdominal aorta just distally to the take-off of the superior mesenteric artery after ligation of the aorta below the junction of renal arteries. The following manifestations of renal insufficiencies were observed with high reproducibility: oliguria, increase in plasma creatinine (from 1.1 to 1.6 mg/dl) and urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (from 7.9 to 23.7 U/l), decrease in effective renal plasma flow (33%) and glomerular filtration rate (35%), and an apparent renal ischemic change in the histological examination. On the other hand, blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, body temperature and hematocrit were not significantly altered. The present model is useful for studying the effects of drugs on renal insufficiency in sepsis or endotoxemia and its pathogenesis. Most renal insufficiencies in clinical sepsis may be caused by endotoxin-induced renal ischemic change due to neither low blood pressure nor renal microthrombi.
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PMID:Renal insufficiency induced by locally administered endotoxin in rabbits. 208 49

In order to elucidate a possible role of hypercoagulability leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in the pathogenesis of multiple organ failure (MOF), unfractionated heparin and the related agents were administered to septic rabbits which manifest DIC and MOF. Administration of heparin resulted in prevention of thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and elevation of plasma bilirubin and creatinine. The morphological hepatic damage was also ameliorated by heparin. Similar favorable effects were obtained by the administration of low molecular weight heparin. Dextran sulfate prevented the hepatic damage to some extent without improvement on other parameters. No significant effect was observed by the administration of a synthetic thrombin inhibitor (MD805). These results indicate that the favorable effect of heparin is due to its anticoagulant property, especially anti-Xa activity. Thereby, it is concluded that the hypercoagulable state leading to DIC is a prerequisite for the occurrence of MOF in sepsis.
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PMID:The effect of heparin on multiple organ failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation in a sepsis model. 208 91

A total of 1347 patients with severe acute renal failure, treated at a single centre between 1956 and 1988, are reviewed. Only patients with an acute uraemic episode requiring dialysis and/or with serum creatinine levels above 600 mumols/l were included. The age of patients increased from median 41.25 years in the 1950s to 60.5 years in the period 1980 to 1988. The case-mix also altered with a decline in obstetric and traumatic disease, both of which carried an excellent prognosis, and an increase in the number of elderly patients with complicated medical and surgical conditions. Survival significantly decreased with increasing age and in the presence of complicating factors such as sepsis or malignancy. Despite these changes, there has been a progressive improvement in survival from 48.8 per cent in 1956-1959 to 57.9 per cent in 1985-1988. Survival for medical and surgical cases has improved from 38.5 per cent in 1956-1959 to 57.9 per cent in 1985-1988 (overall survival for non-obstetric cases was 44.2 per cent), due to improved prognosis for acute renal failure in general and acute renal failure due to intrinsic renal disease in particular.
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PMID:The evolution of acute renal failure, 1956-1988. 210 33

In this study, an experiment was performed to investigate the optimal concentration of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) in hyperalimentation to be administered when protein catabolism is accelerated by sepsis or bodily injury. Amino acid solutions containing BCAA 25%, 30%, 40%, 45% and 50% were prepared and were administered iv for three days with other essential amino acid-containing nitrogen in the same volume into rats with peritonitis which had been developed by ligature and puncture at the cecum, and the results were compared. After observing for three days, the influence over nitrogen balance, improvement of 3-methyl-histidine/creatinine in urine, weight loss in muscles, and aminogram in serum and muscles indicated that the hyperalimentation under stress is utilized most effectively when amino acid contains 45% of branched-chain amino acid.
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PMID:Optimum branched-chain amino acids concentration for improving protein catabolism in severely stressed rats. 211 47

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of treatment with anti-TNF monoclonal antibody in preventing the deleterious effects of sepsis in a nonhuman primate. Experiments were carried out on anesthetized baboons intravenously infused with a lethal dose of Escherichia coli (E. coli). Twelve baboons (six control and six experimental) received 2 hr infusions of E. coli. The experimental group was administered a bolus of anti-TNF antibody, 15 mg/kg, 30 min after beginning the E. coli infusion. Control baboons lived an average of 19 hr (12-34 hr). All antibody-treated baboons survived more than 7 days with a significantly improved quality of life compared to the control group. Although some adverse changes occurred during the monitoring period in surviving baboons, they maintained nearly normal arterial pressures, and serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations. The severe histopathologic changes in lungs, liver, adrenals, kidneys, and spleen documented at death in baboons receiving E. coli only were absent after 7 days in baboons given E. coli and early post-treatment with antibody to TNF.
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PMID:Survival of primates in LD100 septic shock following therapy with antibody to tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha). 217 1

In order to assess the efficacy and toxicity of ceftazidime as a substitute for aminoglycosides in the treatment of intra-abdominal sepsis, a prospective randomized trial was conducted. Ninety-four patients (49% trauma) were randomized to receive ceftazidime/clindamycin (CAZ/C) (n = 47) or tobramycin/clindamycin (T/C) (n = 47). CAZ (2.0 gm) and C (0.9 gm) were administered intravenously every 8 hours while T dosage was adjusted to maintain peak (5-8 mg/L) and trough (less than 2 mg/L) concentrations. Age, sex, baseline serum creatinine, and etiology of infection were comparable in the two groups. Clinical cure was similar in culture-positive and culture-negative patients who received CAZ/C (94% vs 88%). The clinical cure rate however was significantly lower in the T/C culture positive (73%) than in the culture negative patients (100%) (P = 0.016). Pathogenic organisms were eradicated in 100% (30/30) and 76% (13/17) of CAZ/C and T/C patients, respectively (P = 0.0006). Nephrotoxicity Nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity was observed in none of the CAZ/C patients and in one and two T/C patients, respectively. CAZ/C more effectively eradicated the bacteria isolated from these patients and no significant difference in clinical response was observed in culture-positive patients. These findings plus the lack of toxicity suggest that CAZ/C is an effective alternative for treatment of IAI.
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PMID:Ceftazidime/clindamycin versus tobramycin/clindamycin in the treatment of intra-abdominal infections. 222 11

Seventy-two and 34 consecutive HLA-identical sibling renal transplant recipients were treated with azathioprine/prednisone (AZA; follow-up, 5.0 years) and cyclosporine/prednisone (CSA; mean follow-up, 2.9 years), respectively. Both groups were similar in age, sex, race, and number of transplants, but there were more diabetics in the CSA group (34% v 8%). Actual patient survival at 1 year and actuarial patient survival at 5 years were 100% and 96%, respectively in the CSA group compared with an actual patient survival of 91% and 82% at 1 and 5 years, respectively, in the AZA group. Actual graft survival at 1 year improved from 85% in the AZA group to 97% in the CSA-treated recipients (P less than 0.05). Mean serum creatinine at 5 years remained stable in the AZA group at a mean of 123 mumol/L (1.4 mg/dL) compared with a progressive increase in this parameter to a mean of 212 mumol/L (2.4 mg/dL) after the same time interval in the CSA patients. Furthermore, the slopes of the serum creatinine against time were significantly different between the two groups (P less than 0.01). Mean daily CSA dose averaged 4 mg/kg 12 months following transplantation, with a decrease to 2.4 mg/kg by the fifth year. Causes of death in the AZA group were cardiovascular (eight), sepsis (three), cancer (one); and in the CSA group, Kaposi's sarcoma (one). Causes of graft failure in the AZA group were immunological (six), sepsis (three), technical (two), recurrence of disease (one), and patient death with a functioning graft (five). Technical (one), noncompliance (two), recurrence of disease (one), and patient death with a functioning kidney (one) caused graft failure in the CSA group. No difference in posttransplantation serum cholesterol or incidence of new onset diabetes was observed between the two groups, but hypertension was significantly more frequent (51% v 21%, P less than 0.01) when CSA was used. In conclusion, intermediate-term results of CSA-treated HLA-identical transplant recipients showed improved patient and graft survival with less complications apart from hypertension. However, the slow, but relentless, increase in serum creatinine in the CSA-treated patients compared with those treated with AZA is of concern.
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PMID:HLA-identical renal transplants: impact of cyclosporine on intermediate-term survival and renal function. 223 30

A recent retrospective study proposed that the following screening criteria be used in identifying critically ill trauma patients receiving aminoglycosides who are at significant risk to develop renal dysfunction: (1) post-admission shock, (2) minimum serum concentration more than 2 mg/L, and (3) diagnosis of septicemia. The major purpose of the present study was to validate these criteria and design a corresponding algorithm for clinical use. All patients admitted to a trauma intensive care unit and receiving an aminoglycosides was also studied. All patients studied over a 7-month period. A control group not receiving aminoglycosides was also studied. All patients were evaluated for the presence of renal dysfunction (i.e., serum creatinine increase greater than or equal to 0.5 mg/dL). Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to compare potential associated risk factors. The overall renal dysfunction incidence was 10% in the treatment patients (n = 93) versus 5% in the control patients (n = 199) (p = 0.13). Sensitivity and specificity of the screening criteria were 67% and 92%, respectively. The predictive values of a positive and negative test relative to correctly labeling patients at high risk or low risk to develop renal dysfunction were 46% and 96%, respectively. Major risk factors associated with renal dysfunction in the treatment group were post-admission shock, minimum serum concentration more than 2 mg/L, and liver dysfunction. Use of three major risk factors has excellent predictive value in identifying severely traumatized patients at low risk for developing renal dysfunction while receiving aminoglycosides. The modest predictive value of a positive test results in conservative management of patients by avoidance of aminoglycosides, i.e., use of alternative antimicrobial agents.
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PMID:Algorithm for assessing renal dysfunction risk in critically ill trauma patients receiving aminoglycosides. 224 Mar 80

Peritoneal dialysis was required in 20 (12.8%) of 156 neonates and infants for acute renal failure following open heart surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass. Cardiac diagnosis was TAPVD (7 cases), PA with IVS (2), ECD (2), coarctation of the aorta with VSD (2) and other cardiac malformations (7). The indication for dialysis was oliguria of less than 1.0 ml/kg over 4 hours resistant to volume repletion, inotropic agent and diuretics. Peritoneal dialysis was performed using dialysis catheter and glucose containing dialysis solutions. The mean predialysis BUN and serum creatinine were 30.4 mg/dl and 2.7 mg/dl respectively. The highest serum creatinine during dialysis was 4.5 mg/dl, and all but one patient had BUN level of under 100 mg/dl. Dialysis with glucose containing solution could allow sufficient fluid removal as a result, fluid overload was restored. Plasma protein and electrolytes balance were corrected within 48 hours. Two neonates and 4 infants survived. Thirteen patients died on dialysis: nine of those deaths were related to low cardiac output, 2 death were attributable to respiratory insufficiency, and 2 cases died due to sepsis. One infant died of an unexplained cardiac arrhythmia after renal failure had been improved. It is concluded that peritoneal dialysis is beneficial in neonates and infants who become oliguria following open heart surgery.
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PMID:[Peritoneal dialysis in neonates and infants after open heart surgery]. 224 28


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