Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies on T-1982 (cefbuperazone), a new cephamycin antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics, and the following results were obtained. 1. Peak MIC of T-1982 against S. pyogenes (group A) lately isolated was 0.39 micrograms/ml, and the drug was active even against highly resistant strains of macrolides, lincomycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. 2. Peak MICs of T-1982 were 0.78 microgram/ml against B. pertussis, 0.2 microgram/ml against E. coli and less than or equal to 0.05 microgram/ml against K. oxytoca, and the drug was also active against ampicillin-resistant bacteria. 3. Serum levels and urinary excretions of T-1982 were investigated in 6 cases. When given at a dose of 20-28 mg/kg by 1 hour intravenous drip infusion, serum concentrations of T-1982 attained the peak level of 63.5-75.9 micrograms/ml at the end of administration and sustained the level of 0.9-2.6 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, the serum half-life (T 1/2) ranging 70-82 minutes. Approximately 20-72% of the dose were excreted in the active form into urine within 6 hours. 4. Twenty-seven cases of acute pediatric infections were treated with T-1982 mainly by intravenous drip infusion, and satisfactory clinical results were obtained in all the cases of angina lacunaris, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, pertussis, sepsis caused by Serratia and acute urinary tract infections caused by ampicillin-resistant E. coli. The efficacy rate was 96.3%. In this study the drug was administered chiefly at a daily dose of 50-70 mg/kg 2-3 times a day for 2-12 days. 5. Gram-positive cocci (S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes) and Gram-negative rods (H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae P. vulgaris, B. pertussis, S. marcescens, E. coli) were eradicated by the treatment with T-1982. 6. No noticeable side effects were observed, except for temporary increase of eosinophil in 2 cases and slight elevation of GOT in 1 case.
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies on T-1982 (cefbuperzone), a new cephamycin antibiotic, in the field of pediatrics]. 630 96

Ceftazidime ( CAZ ), a new injectable cephem antibiotic, was used for treatment of infections in children, and the following results were obtained. After an intravenous injection of CAZ at a dose of 20 mg/kg, the mean blood levels in 2 patients were 41.5 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 18.1 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and 2.55 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, with the half-life (T 1/2) of 1.37 hours. In a 22-day-old baby with meningitis given CAZ intravenously at a dose of 43.5 mg/kg, the blood levels were 100 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 68 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and 25 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, with the half-life (T 1/2) of 2.96 hours. After intravenous administration of CAZ in doses ranging from 35.7 to 50 mg/kg, CSF concentrations ranged from N.D. to 6.3 micrograms/ml in 3 patients with purulent meningitis, although 19 micrograms/ml at 1 hour and 13 micrograms/ml at 2 hours in 1 patient after intravenous administration of 46.7 mg/kg. In patient with mumps meningitis, CSF concentrations were undetectable after intravenous administration of 35.7 mg/kg. Seventeen patients (each 1 patient with lymphadenitis, tonsillitis and septicemia, each 2 patients with pneumonia, bronchiectatic bronchitis, pyothorax and purulent meningitis, each 3 patients with pyelonephritis and enteritis) were treated with CAZ intravenously, at the daily doses of 178.2 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg in 4 divided doses in patients with meningitis and 44.1 to 103.4 mg/kg in 3 divided doses in patients with other infections (two of them were given by intravenous drip infusion for 30 minutes). The clinical responses were excellent or good in all the patients except for 1 case of Salmonella enteritis (poor) and 1 case of Campylobacter enteritis (poor). The efficacy rate was 88.2%. It was noteworthy that the clinical response was excellent in 1 case of septicemia with P. aeruginosa with leukemic stage of malignant lymphoma and in 2 cases of purulent meningitis. As side effects, fever, eruption, leukocytopenia, elevation in GOT and positive CRP considered to be allergic, were observed on day 16 of administration in 1 case of pyothorax. These symptoms disappeared by discontinuance of administration. In addition, there were elevation in GOT and GPT in 2 cases and elevation in GOT in 2 cases and elevation in GPT in 1 case; they were all mild or transient, and there was nothing to be worried about.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of ceftazidime in paediatrics]. 637 60

Plasma fibronectin is a large molecular weight glycoprotein which may have both opsonic and structural adhesive roles. Fibronectin deficiency has been documented in patients especially early after trauma or burn as well as during sepsis following injury. In this study, the disappearance of fibronectin from the blood was studied in rats utilizing plasma fibronectin metabolically labelled with 75Se-selenomethionine. After injection of 75Se-selenomethionine, the maximum specific activity of endogenously labelled plasma fibronectin, the observed at 4 hours. Thereafter, it declined in a non-monoexponential fashion in association with depletion of the precursor. Labelled 75Se fibronectin was purified from donor rat plasma by gelatin-sepharose affinity chromatography. It retained its electrophoretic mobility, gelatin adherence, and opsonic activity similar to that of unlabelled plasma fibronectin. Following intravenous injection of 75Se plasma fibronectin, its disappearance from plasma manifested two phases. The first was an initial fast disappearance of a small amount of fibronectin, reflecting distribution between plasma and interstitial compartments. The second was a slower disappearance phase with a half-time (T 1/2) of at least 15 hours. Infusion of gelatin-coated particles, which are rapidly cleared by RE cells in the liver and spleen, enhanced the disappearance of 75Se fibronectin from the plasma. These data suggest that the normal rate of fibronectin disappearance from the vascular space is quite fast. Utilization of this experimental approach may provide valuable data on fibronectin kinetics as influenced by trauma and burn.
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PMID:Clearance from the vascular compartment of endogenously labelled plasma fibronectin. 669 47

Clinical evaluation of cefmetazole were made in the treatment of bacterial infections in the newborn infants and the following results were obtained. 1) Five infants, 7 approximately 58 days of age, received a single intravenous one-shot injection of 22.2 approximately 24.5 mg/kg dose of cefmetazole, and blood concentrations were determined. The average level was 62.6 micrograms/ml (30 minutes), 46.3 micrograms/ml (1 hour), 26.8 micrograms/ml (2 hours), 8.7 micrograms/ml (4 hours) and 2.4 micrograms/ml (6 hours), and T 1/2 was 87.7 minutes. Almost similar values were obtained when the drug was given by a 30-minute drip infusion and sufficiently exceeded the MIC to the bacteria to which cefmetazole was indicated. 2) In two patients, who had been operated for choledochal cyst and received an intravenous drip infusion of the drug, the persistence of the blood concentration was remarkably long, T 1/2 being 192 and 222 minutes, respectively. This problem still remains to be elucidated. 3) The following 22 patients were treated with an intravenous one-shot or drip infusion of cefmetazole, i.e., 45.6 to 107.1 mg/kg divided in 2 approximately 3 doses; 14 patients aged 1 to 21 days, 2 aged 1 to less than 2 months, 3 aged 2 to less than 3 months and 3 aged older than 3 months. However, in purulent meningitis, larger dose was given intravenously 6 times daily. Diseases included sepsis (4 cases), purulent meningitis (3), peritonitis (1) SSS syndrome (3), subcutaneous abscess (2), urinary tract infection (8) and Salmonella enteritis (1), and their causative organisms were E. coli (13 strains), K. pneumoniae (1), S. typhimurium (1), S. aureus (6) and group B Streptococcus (1). Overall efficacy rate in 22 cases was 90.9%. i.e., excellent in 11, good in 9 and failure in 2. Two cases of failure were a patient with peritonitis and visceral eventration due to umbilical hernia and a patient with a chromosomal aberration and urinary tract infection caused by E. coli. Reasons for such a treatment failure appeared to reside in host factors. 4) Adverse reactions included each one case of skin rash and diaper rash, 3 cases of eosinophilia and 5 cases of elevation of transaminase levels, all of which were mild and transient. 5) Based on the above results, cefmetazole is considered to be a potent new antibiotic which should be indicated as the first choice drug in the treatment of neonatal bacterial infections. The recommended dosage is as follows: 50 mg/kg given intravenously 6 times daily for bacterial meningitis and 20 approximately 25 mg/kg intravenously or by a drip infusion 2 to 3 times daily for other infections.
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PMID:[Cefmetazole in the treatment of bacterial infections in the newborn (author's transl)]. 694 Oct 35

CMZ is a derivative of cephamycin antibiotics having a potent resistance to beta-lactamase, so that it exerts strong effect on beta-lactamase producing resistant strain, and it is an antibiotic agent having wide antibacterial spectra. Highly effective and safe properties were proved and identified in children (Presented at 11th I.C.C.), so that a study group was organized to examine the usefulness of CMZ for the various infections of the newborn and immature infants. Blood level and urinary excretion: A half life (T 1/2) of the intravenously administered CMZ (20 mg/kg) in blood was 4.18, 2.39 and 1.78 hours in less than or equal to 3 days, 4 to 7 days and greater than or equal to 8 days old newborn infants, respectively. Immature infants reveals longer T 1/2 by 3 days after birth but normalizes fairly soon. Urinary excretion of CMZ was examined in 10 infants up to 7 days old. The relation between the urinary volume and urinary recovery were well correlated. Clinical effect: CMZ was administered to respiratory infections, septicemia, meningitis, urinary tract infections, and other infections in 51 cases of newborn and immature infants. A daily dose, 60 to 100 mg/kg, was divided in 2 to 4 times, and administered intravenously. The causative organisms were E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia and Staph, aureus and 97% of eradication rate was obtained. CMZ was clinically effective in 100% for respiratory infections (17 cases), septicemia (7 cases) and purulent meningitis (4 cases), and in 91.7% for UTI. The overall effective rate was 94.1%. No notable adverse effect was found. Cefmetazole is a safe and effective antibiotics in treating severe infections in newborn and immature infants.
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PMID:[Clinical usefulness of cefmetazole in newborn and immature infants (author's transl)]. 694 49

Fundamental and clinical studies on tobramycin (TOB) by intravenous drip infusion were carried out, and following results were observed. 1) Serum concentration of TOB. TOB was administered 1.5 mg/kg or 3.0 mg/kg by intramuscular or intravenous drip infusion method to 16 pediatric patients. In 1.5 mg/kg dose, the mean peak serum concentration were 3.9 mcg/ml at the 1/4 approximately 1/2 hour after administration by intramuscular method, 4.9 mcg/ml at the 1/2 hour after administration by 30 minutes intravenous drip infusion, 6.4 mcg/ml at 1 hour by 60 minutes intravenous drip infusion method. The half lives (T 1/2) of TOB in those methods, were 1.48, 1.42, 1.26 hours, respectively. In 3.0 mg/kg dose schedule by 30 or 60 minutes intravenous drip infusion method, the mean peak serum concentrations were 11.5 mcg/ml, 8.0 mcg/ml at the end of infusion, respectively. Those of the T 1/2 were 1.54, 1.24 hours. Pharmacokinetic parameters of TOB were following results. The ranges of Vd (apparent volume of distribution), K10 (elimination constant (hr-1)), T 1/2 were 0.20 approximately 0.34 L, 0.63 approximately 1.37 hr-1, 1.20 approximately 2.07 hrs., respectively and there was no significant difference in the serum concentrations and in the pharmacokinetic parameters. 2) Clinical results. Eight patients including 1 purulent cervical lymphadenitis, 4 acute pyelonephritis, 2 bronchopneumonia, 1 septicemia were treated with TOB 1.5 mg/kg or 3.0 mg/kg twice a day, by intravenous drip infusion for 6 approximately 15 days. Clinical effects were excellent in 3 cases, good in 4 cases and poor in 1 case. Efficacy rate was 87.5%. No side effects were observed.
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies on tobramycin by intravenous drip infusion (author's transl)]. 733 77

Three types of antibiotic prophylactic regimens were evaluated versus a control without prophylaxis (group A: 3,912 cases) in urologic surgery. The antibiotic regimens were: group B = cefazolin 1 g/12 h/3 days (3,660 cases); group C = cefonicid 1 g/24 h/3 days (2,076 cases), and group D = cefonicid 1 g single dose (3,169 cases). The parameters used were the comparison of the corresponding rates of postsurgical sepsis and operative wound infections. Numeric investigations for the validity of a retrospective study (unpaired data) were performed: homogenicity test, relative risk point estimate and confidence limits (95%), and etiological fraction point estimate and confidence limits (95%). Chi-square for other purposes were performed. Endoscopic handling was considered homogeneous (same infective risk), while open surgery was heterogeneous (p < 0.001). In order to avoid probable bias, a correction factor was used. Although in different degrees, prophylaxis significantly reduced the morbidity of surgical wound infections (p < 0.001; etiological fraction > 90%). The differences (p < 0.01) between groups B and C/D were attributed to pharmacokinetic causes (short T 1/2 of cefazolin). To obtain the maximum protective effect, the use of antibiotics with a T 1/2 of > 4 h is suggested. There was no resistant mutans in previously sensitive strains. However, a significant selection of intrinsically resistant strains was observed. Monodose offers at lest the same advantages as multiple-dose therapy. In addition, the monodose selected in a lesser proportion both the resistant strains (p < 0.001) and the number of microbial associations (p < 0.01).
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PMID:Antimicrobial prophylaxis in urologic surgery: does it give some benefit? 826 97

Cefozopran (CZOP) was administered to nine newborn patients with infections at a dose of 20 mg/kg twice or three times daily for 5 to 6 days to evaluate the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of cefozopran. 1. Blood concentrations CZOP was intravenously given to 6 newborn patients by drip infusion at a dose of 20 mg/kg over 30 minutes. The maximum blood concentrations (Cmax) were 38.4 micrograms/ml in a patient aged 0 day, 37.7 and 54.3 micrograms/ml in two patients aged 1 day, 51.3 and 64.1 micrograms/ml in two patients aged 3 days and 51.0 micrograms/ml in a patient aged 5 days. Cmax was lower in the patient aged 0 day. The elimination half life (T 1/2) was 9.2 hours in the patient aged 0 day, 4.9 and 3.7 hours in the patients aged 1 day, 3.1 and 2.4 hours in the patients aged 3 days and 2.9 in the patient aged 5 days, showing a prolongation of T 1/2 in patients of lower age. 2. Urinary excretion Of the 6 patients given CZOP at a dose of 20 mg/kg by intravenous drip infusion over 30 minutes, urine was collected in 5 patients. The cumulative excretion rate within 6 hours after infusion was as low as 19.8% of dose in the patient aged 0 day. The rates were elevated as high as 46.3 and 57.0% of dose in the patients aged 1 day. In the patient aged 3 days, the recovery within 4 hours after infusion was 47.3%. It was 70.6% of dose within 6 hours after dosing in the patient aged 5 days. The urinary recovery within 6 hours after dosing increased with the advance of age. 3. Clinical results Efficacy was evaluable in 7 patients. Of them, 3 had suspected septicemia, 2 pneumonia, 1 intrauterine infection and 1 urinary tract infection. The clinical efficacy was judged "excellent" in all the evaluable patients. Neither adverse drug reactions of signs and symptoms nor abnormal alterations of the laboratory test values were recognized in the 9 patients evaluable for safety. These results suggest that CZOP is an effective and safe drug for treatment of infections in the newborns. As for the dosage and method of administration from the view of the pharmacokinetic data obtained, intravenous drip infusion of 20 mg/kg once or twice daily was considered to be sufficient for patients aged 0 day. For patients aged 1 to 7 days and those aged 8 days or elder, the administration of twice to 3 times daily and 3 to 4 times daily were considered to be sufficient, respectively.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on cefozopran in neonates]. 954 70

Pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of an injectable cephem antibiotics, cefozopran (SCE-2787, CZOP), was conducted in newborn patients and the following results were obtained: 1. Clinical results The clinical efficacy of CZOP was evaluated in one each patient with intrauterine infection and suspected septicemia. The efficacy was "excellent" in both patients. No clinically serious adverse drug reactions of signs and symptoms and abnormal alterations of the laboratory test values were recognized. 2. Pharmacokinetics CZOP was intravenously given to newborn patients at doses of 25.0, 20.0, and 18.75 mg/kg. The blood CZOP concentrations were 44.7 +/- 7.0 micrograms/ml (n = 3), 48.3 micrograms/ml and 48.2 micrograms/ml at one hour after administration, respectively. The elimination half life (T 1/2) was 4.22 +/- 1.17 hours (n = 3) in the patients given 25.0 mg/kg and 2.74 hours in the patient given 20.0 mg/kg. The urinary drug excretion rate was 44.5 +/- 8.7% and 31.3 +/- 9.7% of dose within 8 hours after administration of 25.0 mg/kg and 20.0 mg/kg, respectively.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of cefozopran in newborn patients]. 954 73

Evaluation of efficacy and safety of cefluprenam (code number: E1077, abbreviation: CFLP), a newly developed injectable cephem antibiotics was conducted on adult patients with various infections, and followed by the study group organized from 39 institutions in pediatric field, as the drug showed no toxicity problems in suckling animals. Informed consents from legal representatives were obtained prior to the study. 1. Clinical efficacy. Two-hundred eighty one cases were included for analysis of clinical efficacy after 40 cases of exclusion or drop-out were subtracted from a total of 321 cases. However, the cumulative number of cases evaluable for analysis was considered to be 289, because 8 cases that had 2 different diseases at the same time were counted in each category of disease. In the cases in which causative organisms were identified (group A), 148 of 154 cases were rated as good or excellent, with an efficacy rate of 96.1%. As for clinical efficacies by disease, efficacy rates were 6/6 for purulent meningitis, 4/5 for sepsis, 95.7% (62/65) for pneumonia, 100.0% (29/29) for urinary tract infections, and 94.1% (16/17) for skin and soft tissue infections. The rate of excellent responses among excellent and good responses was 73.6% (109/148), showing a higher value than any of recent injectable beta-lactams. On 32 cases with S. pneumoniae infection, the efficacy rate of CFLP was 100.0%. In the cases where causative organisms were not identified (group B), 128 of 135 cases were rated as good or excellent, with an efficacy rate of 94.8%. In the all cases including both the group A and the group B, the efficacy rate was 95.2% (276/289) and the rate of excellent responses among excellent and good response was 70.7% (195/276). Against severe infections, CFLP exhibited excellent clinical efficacy, showing an efficacy rate of 8/8 for meningitis, 3/5 for sepsis and 100.0% (22/22) for severe pneumonia. As for bacteriological responses, eradication rates were 95.2% (177/186) in total. Against Gram-positive cocci, the eradication rate was 92.7% (76/82), with eradication rates of 94.3% (33/35) for Staphylococcus aureus, and 93.3% (28/30) for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Against Gram-negative rods, the eradication rate was 97.1% (101/104), and eradication rates were 100.0% (22/22) for Escherichia coli, 97.5% (39/40) for Haemophilus influenzae and 100.0% (19/19) for Molaxella catarrhalis. In cases in which more than 3 days of treatment with previous chemotherapy resulted in no response, the efficacy rate of CFLP was 94.2% (98/104), rated excellent in 68 cases and good in 30 cases. In these cases, the eradication rate was 98.1% (52/53). 2. Pharmacokinetics. CFLP was intravenously administerrd to 12 subjects at doses of 20 to 40 mg (potency)/kg. In 9 subjects aged more than 12 months, maximum serum levels (Cmax), T 1/2 beta and AUC of CFLP were 155.3 +/- 9.8 micrograms/ml, 1.43 +/- 0.18 hours and 111.7 +/- 15.0 micrograms.hr/ml, respectively, when a dose of 20 mg (potency)/kg was used. In 2 subjects aged not more than 12 months, the mean Cmax, T 1/2 beta and AUC were 153 micrograms/ml, 1.6 hour and 81 micrograms.hr/ml, respectively, at a dose of 20 mg(potency)/kg. The mean Cmax, T 1/2 beta and AUC were 332 micrograms/ml, 0.93 hours and 157.3 micrograms.hr/ml, respectively, in 1 subject at a dose of 40 mg (potency)/kg. In 10 subjects dosed 20 mg (potency)/kg, urinary levels were 2413 +/- 512, 1471 +/- 524, and 470 +/- 115 micrograms/ml in 0-2, 2-4, and 4-6 hours after dosing, respectively, showing a cumulative urinary excretion rate of 61.4 +/- 6.3%. In 1 subject dosed 40 mg (potency)/kg, urinary levels were 5700 and 4770 micrograms/ml in 0-2 p3d 2-4 hours after dosing, respectively, showing a cumulative urinary excretion rate of 42.1%. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of CFLP, on 10 subjects with purulent meningitis dosed 40-103 mg (potency)/kg were 3.2-32.9 micrograms/ml at 0.5-2 hours after administration within 4 days after the onset of
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies with cefluprenam in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group of Gefluprenam]. 974 6


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