Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Live Escherichia coli were infused into anesthetized cats given 0.6 ml bile/kg and 80 mM HCl into the stomach. Systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressures, cardiac output, and gastric blood flow were monitored. Gastrointestinal total wall and mucosal blood flow were measured by microspheres. The microscopic mucosal damage was graded 0-4 (stomach) or 0-5 (intestine). One group of cats (N = 8) received 5 mg yeast CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a bolus before bacteria followed by infusion 50 mg/3 hr. Four of these cats were also given catalase in the same dose. Controls (N = 8) had no treatment. After 3 hr gastric ulceration (grades 2-4) was found in controls but only in 50% of treated cats (P less than 0.1). About 50% and 25% of the cats in both groups developed significant small intestinal and colonic mucosal damage, respectively. SOD or SOD/catalase had no effect on late systemic hypotension, decrease in cardiac output, or transient increase in pulmonary pressure. Total gastric blood flow did not change, while at late sepsis gastric mucosal flow was decreased in the treated group. Small intestinal mucosal flow decreased in both series. It is concluded that free oxygen radicals may be of partial importance in the development of sepsis-induced gastric, but not intestinal, mucosal damage.
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PMID:Role of free oxygen radicals in the development of gastrointestinal mucosal damage in Escherichia coli sepsis. 391 36

A 52 yr old Caucasian female (F. E.) had hemolytic anemia, a leukemoid reaction, and fatal sepsis due to Escherichia coli. Her leukocytes ingested bacteria normally but did not kill catalase positive Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Serratia marcescens. An H(2)O(2)-producing bacterium, Streptococcus faecalis, was killed normally. Granule myeloperoxidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, and beta glucuronidase activities were normal, and these enzymes shifted normally to the phagocyte vacuole (light and electron microscopy). Intravacuolar reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium did not occur. Moreover, only minimal quantities of H(2)O(2) were generated, and the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) was not stimulated during phagocytosis. These observations suggested the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease. However, in contrast to control and chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was completely absent in F. E. leukocytes whereas NADH oxidase and NADPH oxidase activities were both normal. Unlike chronic granulomatous disease, methylene blue did not stimulate the hexose monophosphate shunt in F. E. cells. Thus, F. E. and chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes appear to share certain metabolic and bactericidal defects, but the metabolic basis of the abnormality differs. Chronic granulomatous disease cells lack oxidase activity which produces H(2)O(2); F. E. cells had normal levels of oxidase activity but failed to produce NADPH due to complete glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. These data indicate that a complete absence of leukocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase with defective hexose monophosphate shunt activity is associated with low H(2)O(2) production and inadequate bactericidal activity, and further suggest an important role for NADPH in the production of H(2)O(2) in human granulocytes.
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PMID:Complete deficiency of leukocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase with defective bactericidal activity. 440 Dec 71

Twenty synthetic vascular graft infections are reviewed. Diagnosis of aortic shaft infections has been improved by combined CAT and Gallium scanning, with a 100 per cent sensitivity and specificity. An increasing incidence (70%) of gram-negative or resistant infections is noted, with a correspondingly high mortality. Delay in diagnosis resulted in an 100 per cent mortality versus 20 per cent when diagnosis was made rapidly. Mortality was usually from sepsis, but nearly half of the deaths occurred due to stroke or myocardial infarction.
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PMID:Synthetic vascular graft infection. The continuing headache. 669 35

In a 2-year period (1981-1983), 87 abdominal re-explorations (1.6% of total laparotomies) were performed on 77 patients for sepsis in five Downstate hospitals. Fifty-one patients were re-explored solely on clinical grounds, 21 on clinical plus radiographic criteria, four solely on radiographic grounds, and 11 for multiple organ failure. The overall mortality rate was 43%. As expected, the most common laparotomy finding was intra-abdominal abscess (47); other findings included anastomotic leak (14), necrotic bowel (10), evidence of technical error (five), and acalculous cholecystitis (two). The most common clinical findings were localized tenderness, fever, and absent bowel sounds (85%). Fifty-four special studies were performed with an overall accuracy rate of 76%. CAT scans and contrast radiographs were most accurate (92% and 81%) while sonography and gallium scans were less useful (59% and 60%). Seven patients had negative laparotomies. While all were distended and six were febrile, only one patient had focal tenderness. In the 11 patients explored solely for multiple organ failure, six patients had drainable pus despite negative radiographic studies, and two survived. The other five patients had negative laparotomies, and all died. Factors correlated with mortality were age over 50, peritonitis at the primary operation, and multiple organ failure. The approach to these seriously ill patients should be governed by a high index of suspicion. Clinical findings are at least as reliable as sophisticated radiographic modalities of which CAT scan appears to be the most accurate. Re-exploration for multiple organ failure alone will yield a significant group of patients with drainable septic foci and some survivors; thus, exploration for this indication appears to be defensible.
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PMID:Re-operation for intra-abdominal sepsis. Indications and results in modern critical care setting. 669 29

Reactive oxygen metabolites are believed to be important mediators of sepsis- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome. EUK-8 is a novel, synthetic, low-molecular-weight salen-manganese complex that exhibits both superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in vitro. We hypothesized that treatment with EUK-8 would ameliorate pulmonary dysfunction in a porcine model of LPS-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome. At T = -18 h, pigs received an intravenous priming dose of LPS (20 micrograms/kg). Anesthetized ventilated swine were randomized to receive 1) no further treatment (n = 5); 2) LPS (250 micrograms/kg from T = 0 to 60 min, n = 6); 3) LPS and a low dose of EUK-8 (10-mg/kg bolus at T = -15 min and 1 mg/kg.h from T = 0 to 240 min, n = 6) or 4) LPS and a higher dose of EUK-8 (10-mg/kg bolus and 3 mg/kg.h, n = 6). Treatment with EUK-8, particularly at the higher dose, significantly attenuated many of the features of LPS-induced acute lung injury, including arterial hypoxemia, pulmonary hypertension, decreased dynamic pulmonary compliance and pulmonary edema. LPS caused an increase in lung tissue malondialdehyde content that was abrogated in both EUK-8-treated groups. EUK-8 treatment had no effect on circulating plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, thromboxane B2 or 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha. We conclude that EUK-8 prevents many of the manifestations of LPS-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome in pigs by detoxifying reactive oxygen metabolites without affecting the release of other important proinflammatory mediators.
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PMID:EUK-8, a synthetic superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetic, ameliorates acute lung injury in endotoxemic swine. 747 69

We evaluated the efficacies of serum catalase (CAT), 5'-nucleotidase (5'NT), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) as diagnostic markers of acute graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) in 28 allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients by comparing their abilities to discriminate between GVHD-related and non-GVHD-related complications. Mean peak serum CAT concentrations for patients with GVHD-related complications (n = 17) were about fivefold higher than concentrations in patients with non-GVHD-related complications (n = 25; P = 0.003), whereas the mean peak concentrations of serum 5'NT and TNF were not substantially different. Similarly, the sensitivity and specificity of serum CAT (100% and 88%, respectively) for use as a diagnostic marker of GVHD were much better than those of serum 5'NT (88% and 24%, respectively) or serum TNF (65% and 4%, respectively). Receiver-operating characteristic plots of all possible sensitivity-specificity pairs obtained over the whole range of results also showed that serum CAT has the best diagnostic accuracy. Low specificities of serum TNF and 5'NT were caused mainly by their increase in septicemia, fungal infection, and veno-occlusive disease and after the use of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to stimulate donor cell engraftment. Serum CAT may prove to be a rapid and relatively noninvasive test for the diagnosis of acute GVHD.
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PMID:Serum catalase as marker of graft-vs-host disease in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients: pilot study. 758 45

The prognostic potential of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) was evaluated in sepsis. Enzyme concentrations were determined in samples obtained from septic patients at time of diagnosis. Statistically significant increases in activities of total plasma SOD (P < 0.003, n = 32), erythrocyte (RBC) SOD (P < 0.007, n = 16), plasma CAT (P < 0.0001, n = 32), and RBC CAT (P < 0.005, n = 16) were found in septic patients when compared with healthy adult controls (n = 7). Further, within the group of septic patients, statistically significant differences were found for total plasma SOD (P < 0.05) and plasma CAT (P < 0.009) (but not for RBC determinations) when survivors (n = 15) were compared with nonsurvivors (n = 17). No significant differences were found for either plasma or RBC enzyme concentrations when patients who developed adult respiratory distress syndrome were compared with those who did not. The most striking finding was that plasma total SOD values of > 10 kU/L were found in 7 of 21 (30%) patients who did not survive their sepsis and that these values did not overlap with any surviving patients or controls. However, while high total plasma SOD activity appears to have some potential as a prognostic indicator, lower values (0.0-8.8 kU/L) do not. For plasma CAT, despite finding statistically significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivors, the substantial overlap in the values obtained for the two groups limits the practical prognostic potential of this enzyme.
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PMID:Prognostic role of antioxidant enzymes in sepsis: preliminary assessment. 776 6

Due to the chemical nature of oxygen, its tendency to accept a single electron to create the superoxide radical, and the fact that every aerobic cell must deal with this difficult situation, the production of oxygen-derived free radicals is an almost universal accompaniment to cellular pathology. In sepsis or immunologic disease, the activated phagocyte becomes a major producer of active oxygen species, contributing to oxidative injury to host tissues. The resulting oxidative stress is seriously exacerbated by the availability of iron, liberated from the body's store of ferritin. The antioxidant vitamins and the body's antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) can help to restore and maintain proper oxidant/antioxidant balance.
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PMID:Oxygen-derived free radicals. 792 95

In addition to detoxifying peroxides generated by aerobic metabolism, the catalases of pathogenic bacteria have also been hypothesized to serve as virulence factors by enabling microorganisms to resist the oxidative bursts of host inflammatory cells. Using transposon mutagenesis of the hktE gene, encoding the Haemophilus influenzae structural gene for catalase, we constructed defined catalase mutants of H. influenzae strains Rd- and Eagan b+. These mutants show no detectable catalase production during exponential or stationary phases or following induction with hydrogen peroxide or ascorbic acid, indicating that hktE is the only functional hydroperoxidase gene present in these two strains of H. influenzae. Exponential-phase cultures of hktE mutants are 8- to 25-fold more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide than the wild type. Using the infant rat model, hktE mutants of strain Eagan b+ were 2.3-fold less virulent than the wild type following intraperitoneal inoculation (P = 0.07). When administered intranasally, the Eagan b+ hktE mutant produced wild-type levels of bacteremia and nasal colonization. The results of this study show that while the H. influenzae hktE gene is important for survival in the presence of peroxides, deletion of the gene produces only a modest reduction in ability to cause lethal sepsis following parenteral challenge and no change in ability to colonize following intranasal inoculation in the infant rat model of infection.
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PMID:Characterization and virulence analysis of catalase mutants of Haemophilus influenzae. 792 66

We described three septicemia cases in which blood cultures yielded gram-positive cocci identified as Leuconostoc spp. and Pediococcus spp. Patients were three male adults aged 63 to 71 years with severe underlying diseases, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer and diabetes mellitus with chronic renal failure. They had fever and chills at the onsets of septicemia with acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis, acute pneumonia, and infection complicated with invasion sites of esophageal cancer contagious to bronchus and subcutaneous tissue. Blood cultures yielded catalase and oxidase negative highly vancomycin-resistant (MIC: 1024 micrograms/ml <) gram-positive cocci showing alpha or gamma hemolysis on blood agar plates. Two cases were polymicrobial infections. In one case with esophageal cancer, clinical symptoms persisted after the start of antimicrobial chemotherapy and the patient died 10 days later associated with complications of esophageal cancer. Leuconostoc lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum, and Pediococcus acidilactici wee identified by physiological reactions. These strains were also highly resistant to teicoplanin and fosfomycin, and tolerant to all rested beta-lactams such as benzylpenicillin. This is the first report in Japan to our knowledge on the identification of Leuconostoc spp. and Pediococcus spp. isolated from human infectious diseases.
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PMID:[Microbiological and clinical studies of vancomycin resistant Leuconostoc spp. and Pediococcus spp. isolated from septicemia patients]. 796 99


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