Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The methods of quantitative analysis of aerobe and anaerobe microbes and fungi stool specimens are described. The results of the studies in health people are compared to the results in patients undergoing surgical treatment of intestinal tract. A group of these patients received Neomycin and Bacitracin orally as short-time chemoprophylaxis to diminish possible woundinfection and/or sepsis. After oral medication germs as Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides and Clostridium (not Cl. perfringens) are reduced or lost, Veillonella, Eubacterium, Fusiformis, Peptostreptococcus and Lactobacillus were suppressed. Resistant strains of E. coli and Enterococci increased to high concentration/g faeces. After treatment the rate of gram-negative bacteria resistant to Neomycin increased. This might be of epidemiologically importance for the distribution of microbes resistant to Neomycin and other aminoglycosides as Klebsiella, Candida spec. and Torulopsis.
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PMID:[Short-term oral chemoprophylaxis before intestine surgery. Quantitative determination of bacteria and fungi in stool specimens (author's transl)]. 45 70

The in-vitro activities of azithromycin, clarithromycin, spiramycin and RP 59500 were compared with erythromycin against a wide range of oral organisms which have been implicated in oral infections and/or endocarditis (clindamycin was included for oral streptococci). All compounds tested showed good activity against many of these organisms, although some variation was observed with different species. Clarithromycin was the most active of the antibiotics tested against Gram-positive anaerobes, including Actinomyces spp., Propionibacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium dentium. Azithromycin was slightly less active than erythromycin against these species. In general, RP 59500 had higher MICs than the macrolides, other than spiramycin, against these organisms, but was superior in activity against Peptostreptococcus spp., inhibiting all isolates at 2 mg/L. Azithromycin was, in general, the most active antibiotic tested against the Gram-negative anaerobes: Fusobacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Wolinella spp., Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Selenomonas spp. and Mitsuokella multiacida, including those isolates which were insusceptible to erythromycin. Clarithromycin showed similar activity to erythromycin against most Gram-negative species, but was superior against Capnocytophaga ochraceus and Eikenella corrodens. RP 59500 was less active than the macrolides against most Gram-negative anaerobes, but was superior to erythromycin and clarithromycin against Fusobacterium spp. and Leptotrichia buccalis, some strains of which were moderately resistant to erythromycin. The macrolides and clindamycin were about equally active against the oral streptococci, whereas RP 59500 showed lower inhibitory activity. The in-vitro results suggest that azithromycin and clarithromycin may be of value in the treatment of dental sepsis and the prophylaxis of endocarditis. RP 59500 showed useful activity against Gram-positive anaerobes and, because of its bactericidal activity against oral streptococci, may also prove to have a role in these areas.
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PMID:Comparative in-vitro activity of azithromycin, macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin and spiramycin) and streptogramin RP 59500 against oral organisms. 133 Oct 19

Forty-three newborn and young infants including 13 low-birth-weight (LBW) infants were treated with flomoxef (FMOX) and the clinical efficacy and side effect were evaluated. The ages of the patients ranged from 0 to 99 days, and their body weights from 797 to 9,000 g. Dose levels were 10.5 to 48.5 mg/kg every 6 to 8 hours for 3 to 12 days. Those patients who responded to the FMOX treatment included 8 infants with sepsis, 14 with suspected sepsis, 6 with intrauterine infection, 2 with meningitis, 7 with pneumonia, 1 with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, 1 with epididymitis and 4 with urinary tract infections. The results were excellent in 17 and good in 22 patients. The drug was well tolerated, although diarrhea occurred in 2, slightly elevated serum concentrations of transaminases in 2, and eosinophilia and thrombocytosis in 1 patient each. Pharmacokinetic studies on FMOX with 20 mg/kg dose were done in 19 patients including 8 LBW infants. Serum concentrations at 15 minutes after intravenous bolus injection in five 1- to 6-day-old LBW, five 1- to 6-day-old and four 8- to 19-day-old mature infants were 52.6, 52.7 and 58.0 micrograms/ml, respectively, and those at 4 hours were 22.1, 13.3 and 5.2 micrograms/ml, respectively. Serum half-lives of the drug were 3.93, 2.29 and 1.62 hours, respectively, and excretion rates of this drug into urine in the first 6 hours after administration were 30.4, 45.1 and 58.7%, respectively. Mean serum concentrations just after intravenous 1-hour drip infusion in three 8- to 54-day-old LBW and two 8- and 10-day-old mature infants, were 31.5 and 18.9 micrograms/ml, respectively, and those at 4 hours were 15.3 and 4.3 micrograms/ml, respectively. Serum half-lives of the drug were 2.88 and 1.75 hours, respectively, and excretion rates of the drug into urine in the first 6 hours were 22.6 and 47.5%, respectively. The cerebrospinal fluid level at 3 hours after a dose was 7.09 micrograms/ml on the second day of treatment in a patient with Staphylococcus aureus meningitis receiving 50 mg/kg of the drug every 6 hours per day. Its level at 1 hour after a dose was 3.52 micrograms/ml on the 8th day of treatment in the same patient. The influence of FMOX on the fecal flora was studied in 7 patients. The characteristic pattern observed during the drug administration was the disappearance of Bifidobacterium, the decrease or disappearance of Enterobacteriaceae and the preservation of Streptococcus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Flomoxef in neonates and young infants; clinical efficacy, pharmacokinetic evaluation and effect on the intestinal bacterial flora]. 178 72

Twenty-two newborn and young infants, including 13 premature infants, were treated with ceftriaxone (CTRX) and the clinical efficacy and side effects were evaluated. Ages of the patients ranged from 0 to 106 days, and their body weights from 1.19 to 3.92 kg. Dose levels were 15 to 23 mg/kg every 12 to 24 hours for 2 to 13.5 days. Eighteen infants with sepsis and 1 infant with purulent coxitis were considered to have responded to the CTRX treatment. The results were excellent in 13 and good in 6 patients. The drug was well tolerated, although diarrhea occurred in 2 patients, eosinophilia in 6 patients, slightly elevated serum concentrations of transaminases in 2 patients and thrombocytosis in 1 among the 22 patients. The pharmacokinetic studies on CTRX were done in 8 patients including 3 premature infants. The ages ranged from 3 to 50 days, and body weight from 2.20 to 3.94 kg. Plasma concentrations 30 minutes after single 10 mg/kg intravenous bolus injection in two 4- to 5-day-old premature neonates were 48.4 and 50.0 micrograms/ml and those at 6 hours were 22.7 and 23.4 micrograms/ml, respectively. In 2 mature neonates, plasma levels were 42.2 and 39.1 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes and 23.4 and 26.6 micrograms/ml at 6 hours after single 20 mg/kg doses. In four 12- to 50-day-old patients, plasma concentrations ranged from 35.9 to 175.0 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes and from 21.9 to 32.8 micrograms/ml at 6 hours after multiple doses of 20 mg/kg intravenous bolus injection. The plasma half-lives of the drug ranged from 6.6 to 16.8 hours in these 8 patients. Excretion rates of this drug into urine within 12 hours were 21.4 to 63.4% in 7 patients. Urine concentrations of the drug in 34 samples collected at various times from the 7 patients ranged from 28.3 to 469.0 micrograms/ml. The cerebrospinal fluid level at 2 hours after a dose was 3.33 micrograms/ml on the 5th day of treatment in 1 patient with sepsis receiving 18 mg/kg of the drug every 12 hours. Its level at 3 hours after a dose was 6.07 micrograms/ml on the 6th day of treatment in another patient with aseptic meningitis receiving 20 mg/kg every 12 hours. The influence of CTRX on the fecal flora was studied in 3 patients receiving 20 mg/kg X 2/day. The characteristic pattern observed during the drug administration was the disappearance of Bifidobacterium and Enterobacteriaceae, the preservation of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, and the increase in Candida.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Ceftriaxone in neonates and young infants; clinical efficacy, pharmacokinetic evaluation and effect on intestinal bacterial flora]. 337 34

The development of the bacterial flora of neonates with congenital abnormalities of the gastro-intestinal tract was studied in 31 infants during the first 10 days of life. Specimens were collected from the umbilicus, mouth and gastro-intestinal tract on the pre-operative day, at operation and on post-operative days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10. Bacteria were isolated semi-quantitatively on a variety of plain and selective media and identified by conventional methods.Staphylococcus albus was the predominant species isolated from the umbilicus; it was recovered from 24 of the 31 babies. The viridans group of streptococci and Streptococcus salivarius were the commonest species isolated from the mouth; there were no differences between the babies with different abnormalities and treatment with antibiotics had no effect on the bacterial flora. Ten babies were colonized by each species on the pre-operative day, and 25 and 19 respectively by the tenth post-operative day. Anaerobic gram-positive cocci were the predominant oral anaerobes. Bacteria were not isolated from the rectal swabs of babies with tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) or small bowel atresia on the pre-operative days. Post-operatively the predominant faecal isolates from babies with TOF were Str. faecalis, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. About 80% of the babies with small bowel atresia were colonized by Str. faecalis and Bacteroides vulgatus, 60% each by E. coli, Klebsiella aerogenes and Str. faecium. The five babies with necrotizing enterocolitis were colonized by Str. faecalis, E. coli, Cl. perfringens and Cl. difficile; Bacteroides spp. were not recovered from any of them. The commonest facultative species recovered from babies with large bowel obstruction were Str. faecalis and E. coli. B. vulgatus, Cl. perfringens and Bifidobacterium spp. were the commonest anaerobes and anaerobes outnumbered aerobes. No significant isolates were recovered from the wound swabs and none of the babies developed post-surgical sepsis.
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PMID:The bacterial flora of neonates with congenital abnormalities of the gastro-intestinal tract. 705 28

We report a case of sepsis caused by Bifidobacterium longum in a 19-year-old male who had developed high fever, jaundice, and hepatomegaly after acupuncture therapy with small gold needles. Anaerobic, non-spore-forming, gram-positive bacilli were isolated from his blood and finally identified as B. longum. He recovered completely after treatment with ticarcillin and metronidazole. To our knowledge, this is the first report of incidental sepsis caused by B. longum.
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PMID:Case of sepsis caused by Bifidobacterium longum. 1007 61

Probiotics are "live microbes which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host" (FAO/WHO joint group). Their potential role in bio-ecological modification of pathological internal milieu of the critically ill is under evaluation. Probiotics are available as single microbial strain (e.g., Bacillus clausii, Lactobacillus) or as a mix of multiple strains of Lactobacillus (acidophilus, sporogenes, lactis, reuteri RC-14, GG, and L. plantarum 299v), Bifidobacterium (bifidum, longum, infantis), Streptococcus (thermophillus, lactis, fecalis), Saccharomyces boulardii etc. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are gram-positive, anaerobic, lactic acid bacteria. These are normal inhabitant of human gut and colonize the colon better than others. Critical illness and its treatment create hostile environment in the gut and alters the micro flora favoring growth of pathogens. Therapy with probiotics is an effort to reduce or eliminate potential pathogens and toxins, to release nutrients, antioxidants, growth factors and coagulation factors, to stimulate gut motility and to modulate innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms via the normalization of altered gut flora. Scientific evidence shows that use of probiotics is effective in prevention and therapy of antibiotic associated diarrhea. However, available probiotics strains in currently used doses do not provide much needed early benefits, and need long-term administration to have clinically beneficial effects (viz, a reduction in rate of infection, severe sepsis, ICU stay, ventilation days and mortality) in critically ill surgical and trauma patients. Possibly, available strains do not adhere to intestinal mucosa early, or may require higher dose than what is used. Gap exists in our knowledge regarding mechanisms of action of different probiotics, most effective strains--single or multiple, cost effectiveness, risk-benefit potential, optimum dose, frequency and duration of treatment etc. More information is needed on safety profile of probiotics in immunocompromised state of the critically ill in view of rare reports of fungemia and sepsis and a trend toward possible increase in nosocomial infection. At present, despite theoretical potential benefits, available evidence is not conclusive to recommend probiotics for routine use in the critically ill.
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PMID:Probiotic use in the critically ill. 1875 92

Severe sepsis with associated multisystem organ dysfunction is a leading cause of death in patients hospitalized in intensive care units. The gastrointestinal system plays a key role in the pathogenesis of multisystem organ dysfunction owing to a breakdown of intestinal barrier function and increased translocation of bacteria and bacterial components into the systemic circulation. During critical illness, alterations occur in gut microflora owing to several factors, including changes in circulating stress hormones, gut ischemia, immunosuppression, the use of antibiotics, and lack of nutrients. The importance of endogenous strains of probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in maintaining intestinal barrier function and also in modulating mucosal and systemic immune responses is becoming evident from numerous studies. Bacteria in synbiotic (prebiotic and probiotic combinations) and probiotic (mutistrain combinations) preparations are being used experimentally in the treatment of acute pancreatitis, liver transplantation, and in trauma patients. Recent studies have shown treatment of patients with multiple trauma or acute pancreatitis with synbiotic preparations resulted in reduced rates of infection, sepsis, and mortality in patients. Enterally fed patients in the intensive care unit treated with a probiotic compound demonstrated enhanced immune function and decreased incidence of diarrhea. Results from these clinical trials are encouraging, and warrant further investigation to clarify which probiotic bacterial strains are of most benefit to this population.
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PMID:Probiotics in critically ill patients. 1880

The term "probiotic" was first used in 1965, by Lilly and Stillwell, to describe substances secreted by one organism which stimulate the growth of another. The use of antibiotics, immunosuppressive therapy and irradiation, amongst other means of treatment, may cause alterations in the composition and have an effect on the GIT flora. Therefore, the introduction of beneficial bacterial species to GI tract may be a very attractive option to re-establish the microbial equilibrium and prevent disease. Prebiotic is a non-digestible food ingredient that confers benefits on the host by selectively stimulating one bacterium or a group of bacteria in the colon with probiotic properties. Both probiotics and prebiotics are together called as Synbiotics. Various bacterial genera most commonly used in probiotic preparations are Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia, Enterococcus, Bacillus and Streptococcus . Some fungal strains belonging to Saccharomyces have also been used. Probiotics have been shown to be effective in varied clinical conditions- ranging from infantile diarrhoea, necrotizing enterocolitis, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, relapsing Clostridium difficle colitis, Helicobacter pylori infections, inflammatory bowel disease to cancer, female uro-genital infection and surgical infections. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG has proven beneficial affects on intestinal immunity. It increases the number of IgA and other immunoglobulins secreting cells in the intestinal mucosa. It also stimulates local release of interferons. It facilitates antigen transport to underlying lymphoid cells, which serves to increase antigen uptake in Peyer's patches. Probiotics are live microorganisms, so it is possible that they may result in infection in the host. The risk and morbidity of sepsis due to probiotic bacteria should be weighed against the potential for sepsis due to more pathological bacteria and the morbidity of diseases for which probiotic bacteria are being used as therapeutic agents. Also, future, well-designed placebo controlled studies with validated results are required for ascertaining the true health benefits of probiotics The important point in this regard is careful selection of the probiotic agent, its dose standardization and a thorough knowledge of its beneficial effects.
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PMID:Probiotics. 1958 99

We report the one case of sepsis caused by Bifidobacterium breve administered as probiotic therapy. Probiotics can be a potential cause of an invasive disease and should be used with care in vulnerable patients.
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PMID:Bifidobacterium septicemia associated with postoperative probiotic therapy in a neonate with omphalocele. 2030 45


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