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 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Postmortem chemistry is becoming increasingly essential in the forensic pathology routine and considerable progress has been made over the past years. Biochemical analyses of vitreous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, blood and urine may provide significant information in determining the cause of death or in elucidating forensic cases. Postmortem chemistry may essentially contribute in the determination of the cause of death when the pathophysiological changes involved in the death process cannot be detected by morphological methods (e.g. diabetes mellitus, alcoholic ketoacidosis and electrolytic disorders). It can also provide significant information and useful support in other forensic situations, including anaphylaxis, hypothermia, sepsis and hormonal disturbances. In this article, we present a review of the literature that covers this vast topic and we report the results of our observations. We have focused our attention on glucose metabolism, renal function and electrolytic disorders.
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PMID:Postmortem chemistry update part I. 2194 76

In addition to blunt and sharp trauma, animal-related fatalities may result from envenomation, poisoning, anaphylaxis, asphyxiation, and sepsis. Although the majority of envenomation deaths are caused by hornets, bees, and wasps, the mechanism of death is most often anaphylaxis. Envenomation resulting from the injection of a poison or toxin into a victim occurs with snakes, spiders, and scorpions on land. Marine animal envenomation may result from stings and bites from jellyfish, octopus, stonefish, cone fish, stingrays, and sea snakes. At autopsy, the findings may be extremely subtle, and so a history of exposure is required. Poisoning may also occur from ingesting certain fish, with three main forms of neurotoxin poisoning involving ciguatera, tetrodotoxin ingestion, and paralytic shellfish poisoning. Asphyxiation may follow upper airway occlusion or neck/chest compression by animals, and sepsis may follow bites. Autopsy analysis of cases requires extensive toxinological, toxicological, and biochemical analyses of body fluids.
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PMID:Animal-related fatalities--part II: characteristic autopsy findings and variable causes of death associated with envenomation, poisoning, anaphylaxis, asphyxiation, and sepsis. 2198 7

As a continuation of "Postmortem Chemistry Update Part I," Part II deals with molecules linked to liver and cardiac functions, alcohol intake and alcohol misuse, myocardial ischemia, inflammation, sepsis, anaphylaxis, and hormonal disturbances. A very important array of new material concerning these situations had appeared in the forensic literature over the last two decades. Some molecules, such as procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, are currently researched in cases of suspected sepsis and inflammation, whereas many other analytes are not integrated into routine casework. As in part I, a literature review concerning a large panel of molecules of forensic interest is presented, as well as the results of our own observations, where possible.
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PMID:Postmortem chemistry update part II. 2198 65

A case of 7-day-old male neonate with cefotaxime-induced near-fatal anaphylaxis is being reported. Child was started on intravenous cefotaxime on day 3 of life in view of early-onset sepsis with pneumonia, following which there was clinical improvement. Child was then shifted out of intensive care to general ward for completion of antibiotic course. One day prior to the planned discharge, child suddenly developed poor sensorium, flaccidity, apnea, and cyanosis within seconds of receiving intravenous cefotaxime and was found to have bradypnea with bradycardia. Prompt resuscitation was carried out with artificial ventilation, adrenaline, and steroids. Spontaneous breathing reappeared and the clinical condition improved.
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PMID:Cefotaxime-induced near-fatal anaphylaxis in a neonate: A case report and review of literature. 2202 15

Anticoagulation is essential to hemodialysis, and unfractionated heparin (UFH) is the most commonly used anticoagulant in the United States. However, there is no universally accepted standard for its administration in long-term hemodialysis. Dosage schedules vary and include weight-based protocols and low-dose protocols for those at high risk of bleeding, as well as regional anticoagulation with heparin and heparin-coated dialyzers. Adjustments are based largely on clinical signs of under- and overanticoagulation. Risks of UFH use include bleeding, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, anaphylaxis, and possibly bone mineral disease, hyperkalemia, and catheter-associated sepsis. Alternative anticoagulants include low-molecular-weight heparin, direct thrombin inhibitors, heparinoids, and citrate. Anticoagulant-free hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis also are potential substitutes. However, some of these alternative treatments are not as available as or are more costly than UFH, are dependent on country and health care system, and present dosing challenges. When properly monitored, UFH is a relatively safe and economical choice for anticoagulation in long-term hemodialysis for most patients.
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PMID:Use and safety of unfractionated heparin for anticoagulation during maintenance hemodialysis. 2256 Aug 30

A 71-year-old valvular patient with cardiac arrhythmia, low ejection fraction, administered angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor underwent aortic and mitral valvular replacement. Starting during normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), hypotension occurred, refractory to phenylephrine, noradrenaline, terlipressin, hydrocortisone and dexchlorpheniramine. After 3 hr of CPB biventricular hyperkinesia, severe hypotension and metabolic acidosis persisted despite volume loading, sodium bicarbonate, adrenaline infusion and intraaortic conterpulsation. Refractory asystole occurred 5 hr postoperatively. The responsability of sepsis and anaphylaxis were ruled out and post-CPB vasoplegic syndrome appeared to be involved. Moderate and severe vasoplegic syndromes are discussed with regards to risk factors, physiology and treatment, including prophylaxis with vasopressin and methylene blue.
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PMID:[Vasoplegic syndrome after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass]. 2272 15

Group B streptococcus is the leading cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis in the United States. Universal screening is recommended for pregnant women at 35 to 37 weeks' gestation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently updated its guideline for the prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease. The new guideline contains six important changes. First, there is a recommendation to consider using sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests, rather than just routine cultures, for detection of group B streptococcus in rectal and vaginal specimens. Second, the colony count required to consider a urine specimen positive is at least 104 colony-forming units per mL. Third, the new guideline presents separate algorithms for management of preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes, rather than a single algorithm for both conditions. Fourth, there are minor changes in the recommended dose of penicillin G for intrapartum chemoprophylaxis. Fifth, the guideline provides new recommendations about antibiotic regimens for women with penicillin allergy. Cefazolin is recommended for women with minor allergies. For those at serious risk of anaphylaxis, clindamycin is recommended if the organism is susceptible [corrected] and vancomycin is recommended if there is clindamycin resistance or if susceptibility is unknown. [corrected]. Finally, the new algorithm for secondary prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal disease in newborns should be applied to all infants, not only those at high risk of infection. The algorithm clarifies the extent of evaluation and duration of observation required for infants in different risk categories.
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PMID:Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: updated CDC guideline. 2296 13

Methylene blue is used primarily in the treatment of patients with methemoglobinemia. Most recently, methylene blue has been used as a treatment for refractory distributive shock from a variety of causes such as sepsis and anaphylaxis. Many studies suggest that the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO-cGMP) pathway plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of distributive shock. There are some experimental and clinical experiences with the use of methylene blue as a selective inhibitor of the NO-cGMP pathway. Methylene blue may play a role in the treatment of distributive shock when standard treatment fails.
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PMID:Methylene blue for distributive shock: a potential new use of an old antidote. 2408 15

Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food hypersensitivity that manifests as profuse, repetitive vomiting, often with diarrhea, leading to acute dehydration and lethargy or weight loss and failure to thrive if chronic. FPIES is elicited most commonly by milk and soy proteins; however, rice, oat, and other solid foods may also elicit FPIES. Certain FPIES features overlap with food protein-induced enteropathy and proctocolitis, whereas others overlap with anaphylaxis. FPIES is not well recognized among pediatricians and emergency department physicians; the affected children are often mismanaged as having acute viral gastrointestinal illness, sepsis, or surgical disease, delaying diagnosis of FPIES for many months. The aim of this review is to provide case-driven presentation of the features of FPIES. Although randomized clinical trials on management options are missing, the relevant current literature and authors' experience are reviewed in detail.
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PMID:Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES): current management strategies and review of the literature. 2456 36

The aim of this study was to explore effective ways to prevent conflicts between patients and healthcare professionals by analyzing 836 malpractice cases. The analysis revealed two points that especially influence court decisions: disease prognosis and inadequate informed consent. Regarding prognosis, decisions are more in favor of the defendant (medical institution) in diseases with poor prognoses, such as sepsis and anaphylaxis, than in diseases with typically good prognoses, such as acute epiglottitis and strangulation ileus. Regarding insufficient informed consent, the cases fell into two groups, emergency and non-emergency. The non-emergency group consisted of cases such as preventative treatments for brain aneurysms and acute pancreatitis-related endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), where essential information to consent to treatment, especially the prognosis with no treatment, was not given, despite sufficient time. The emergency group consisted of cases, such as acute coronary syndrome, especially treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), where there was not sufficient time to provide to patients information about treatments. This is the most difficult type of case and a subject for future efforts at clinical sites.
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PMID:[Diseases and procedures apt to conflict with patients: an analysis of medical malpractice litigation cases]. 2515 46


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