Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae first recognized in 1967, the rate of penicillin-resistant strains has been increasing worldwide. There have been up to 50% from pediatric specimens in Japan. We reported three pediatric cases with penicillin G resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infection to show some important clue from these cases for clinical practice against resistant pneumococcal infection. The first case was a typical acute mastoiditis, although we have experienced only masked mastoiditis recently. The second case was meningitis with septicemia, which did not show any abnormality in the first obtained cerebrospinal fluid. The third case was recurrent bronchitis in a child with cerebral palsy. The minimum inhibition concentrations of these isolated strains were 0.25 microgram/ml in the second case an 2.0 microgram/ml in the first and third cases.
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PMID:[Three interesting pediatric cases with penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infection]. 787 77

Biapenem (L-627) was given intravenously to 17 children with acute bacterial infections including 3 with purulent tonsillitis, 1 with bronchitis, 4 with pneumonia, 2 with sepsis, 3 with pyelonephritis, 2 with SSSS. (2 cases are omitted from evaluation because of Mycoplasma pneumonia and infectious mononucleosis). Daily dosages per kg bodyweight ranging from 18.3 to 60 mg were given in 3 divided doses per day for 4 to 6 days. Clinical responses were excellent in 12 (80%), good in 2 (13.3%), fair in 1 (6.7%) and poor in 0 (0%), with an overall efficacy rate of 93.3%. Good bacteriological responses were obtained in all of the 9 cases from which pathogens were identified. A side effect is observed in only 1 case with mild diarrhea. The above results suggest that L-627 is a useful new carbapenem derivative for the treatment of bacterial infections in children.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on biapenem (L-627) in the pediatric field]. 793 22

Antibiotic prophylaxis is currently recommended in clean-contamined surgery (type II of Altemeier classification). Pulmonary surgery belongs to this type. This prospective randomized and controlled study was designed to compare amoxicillin and cefamandole for prevention of pleural and bronchopulmonary infections after pulmonary resections. It included 256 patients, admitted between October 1st 1989 and July 1st 1991, for elective thoracotomy and probable pulmonary resection. The patients were allocated into two groups, group A (amoxicillin) and group C (cefamandole). The first intravenous antibiotic injection took place immediately after induction of anaesthesia (1 g of amoxicillin or 1.5 g of cefamandole). Postoperative injections were performed every 6 hours during 36 hours (i.e. a total of 6 injections). Infection was defined by the association of general signs including hyperthermia (> 38 degrees C), hyperleucocytosis (> 12,000/mm3), and local signs such as bronchitis (B), pneumonia (P), empyema (E), wound sepsis (W) and non thoracic infection (S). Follow-up included the hospital stay and a period of eight months after surgery for possible rehospitalisation for infection. Respiratory infections (bronchitis n = 35, pneumonia n = 5, empyema n = 2) occurred in 18% of the total population. No difference was seen between the two groups concerning the type of infection and the repartition of infection in relation to the type of pulmonary surgery. The causative bacterial organisms were Haemophilus influenzae (n = 4), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 2), Escherichia coli (n = 1), anaerobic bacteria (n = 1). Multiple bacteria were found in one case. The empyema and wound sepsis occurred in the amoxicillin group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Comparison of amoxicillin and cefamandole in the prevention of bronchopulmonary infections in pulmonary surgery. A randomized double-blind study]. 799 33

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) suffer from severe chronic pulmonary infections but rarely develop bacteremia/septicemia suggestive of an intact splenic mononuclear phagocyte function. The splenic function of 25 patients diagnosed with CF, aged 2 to 37 years, was evaluated using erythrocyte pit count by direct interference contrast microscopy. Results were compared with patients with sickle cell disease and normal individuals. All CF patients displayed normal splenic function by pit count. The mean percentage of pitted erythrocytes was 0.20 +/- 0.28 (range: 0.0% to 1.0%) versus 0.19 +/- 0.33 (range: 0.0% to 1.4%) in normal eusplenic controls. There were no episodes of bacteremia or septicemia despite recurrent acute exacerbations of chronic bacterial bronchitis and the use of central lines. We conclude that splenic function in CF is unabridged and may account for the rarity of bacteremia/septicemia in patients with CF despite the high prevalence of chronic bronchial infection in this population.
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PMID:Intact splenic function in cystic fibrosis. 804 Sep 2

We investigated pharmacokinetics and clinical effectiveness of a newly developed cephem antibiotic cefozopran (SCE-2787, CZOP) against various pediatric infections in 18 institutions and their affiliates. We obtained the following results. 1. Serum concentration and urinary excretion rates Pharmacokinetics of CZOP in children was examined after intravenous injection and 30-minute drip infusion of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg of CZOP. Peak serum concentrations of CZOP in 30 minutes after intravenous injection were 21.7, 51.5 and 77.8 micrograms/ml, respectively, showing a clear dose response. Half-lives were 1.99, 1.85 and 1.67 hours, respectively. In the first 6 hours after administration, urinary excretion rates of CZOP were 87.3, 67.4 and 84.1%, respectively. In the cases of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg administration of CZOP 30-minute drip infusion, peak serum concentration of CZOP in 30 minutes, when the infusion was completed, were 38.1, 72.8 and 95.6 micrograms/ml, respectively. Again, there was a clear dose response. Half-lives were 1.67, 1.69 and 1.43 hours, respectively. In the first 6 hours after administration, urinary excretion rates of CZOP were 53.9, 59.7 and 77.3%, respectively. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of CZOP administered by intravenous injection of 50 mg/kg to patients with purulent meningitis were 1.6 to 43.4 micrograms/ml in 1 to 1.5 hours after administration. 2. Clinical study Clinical efficacy was evaluated in 337 cases. The largest number of cases, 138 cases, were found in 2 to < 6-year olds. The majority of the patients were under age 9, and 70 cases were of less than 1-year old infants. 183 cases were males and 154 cases were females. In terms of illness, a majority, or 185 cases, suffered from pneumonia, followed by 39 cases of UTI and 23 infections of the skin and soft tissue. There were 7 cases of purulent meningitis. In 218 cases, CZOP was administered at a daily dose of 60- < 80 mg/kg. The drug was administered for 6-10 days, the most frequent duration, in 188 cases. In the cases where causative organisms were identified (group A), the efficacy rates ("excellent" and "good") obtained were 100% (5/5) against purulent meningitis, 100% (2/2) against sepsis, 98.3% (119/121) against pneumonia, 100% (13/13) against acute bronchitis, 100% (11/11) against upper respiratory tract infection, 96.3% (26/27) against UTI. Overall, "excellent" and "good" responses were observed in 97.5% (197/202) of cases with known causative organisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies with cefozopran in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group of Cefozopran]. 811 68

Fourteen pediatric patients with infections (21 episodes) were treated with intravenous vancomycin (VCM) and the clinical efficacy and side effects were evaluated. The ages of the patients ranged from 1 month to 13 years and their body weights from 1.9 to 49 kg. The drug was administered by intravenous drip infusion for 60 minutes. Doses given were 10 (except one with 20) mg/kg every 6 (8 or 12 in patients with renal dysfunction) hours for 5 to 27 days. A leukemic patient was given the drug for 3.5 months. Those episodes which responded well to the VCM treatment included 10 episodes in 8 children with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, 4 in 2 children with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) infections and 2 in 2 children with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus infections. Those infections included sepsis, empyema, bronchitis, subcutaneous abscess, cellulitis and lymphadenitis. Clinical effects were fair in 1 patient with gingival abscess due to MRSE, and undetermined in 4 patients with infections of which etiologies were unknown. The drug was well tolerated, although rash, which disappeared after more prolonged infusion, was noted in 2 episodes and elevated serum concentrations of transaminases occurred in 4 episodes (both side effects occurred in 1 patient given 20 mg/kg every 6 hours). The minimal inhibitory concentrations of VCM against isolated staphylococci were 0.5-1 microgram/ml. Monitoring for serum concentrations of drug was performed in 10 patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Intravenous vancomycin treatment in children; its clinical usefulness and serum concentration monitoring]. 837 87

Renal biopsies of 43 patients who developed renal complications after treatment with antibiotics were studied. The treatment with antibiotics in these cases was used for many different reasons such as: bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, cystitis, tonsillitis, sepsis, peritonitis, gangrene of the foot and tuberculosis. The renal function of these patients, before the treatment with antibiotics was normal. The biopsies were studied by light, electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. In 43 cases treated with antibiotics renal changes were shown. Three types of morphologic changes were found: acute tubular necrosis (ATN) (13 cases), acute tubulo-interstitial diseases (ATID) (21 cases), focal glomerulonephritis with crescents (FGN) (9 cases). The renal pathologic changes were most commonly seen in patients treated with 2 groups of antibiotics: aminoglycosides (21 cases) and antibiotics of the penicillin group (15 cases). The most characteristic feature of aminoglycosides is their direct toxic effect leading to ATN. Antibiotics of the penicillin type more commonly caused an allergic reaction leading to ATID (secondary to cellular mechanisms) or FGN (secondary to a predominantly humoral mechanism). Renal changes in the use of other antibiotics were much less manifest and were usually due to a hypersensitivity reaction. Cephalosporins, if used in combination with other antibiotics can increase their nephrotoxicity.
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PMID:Antibiotic associated nephropathy. 870 64

Chryseobacterium meningosepticum is a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacillus historically associated with meningitis in premature neonates. We report 15 positive cultures and 6 cases of infection among immunocompromised adults at our institution over a 10-year period and review the English-language literature on C. meningosepticum. Excluding the present series, there are 308 reports of positive cultures in the literature, of which 59% were determined to represent true infections. Sixty-five percent of those infected were younger than 3 months of age. Meningitis was the most common infectious syndrome among neonates, seen in 84% of cases and associated with a 57% mortality rate. Less commonly reported infections among infants included sepsis (13%) and pneumonia (3%). Pneumonia was the most frequent infection among the postneonatal group, accounting for 40% of cases, followed by sepsis (24%), meningitis (18%), endocarditis (3%), cellulitis (3%), abdominal infections (3%), eye infections (3%), and single case reports of sinusitis, bronchitis, and epididymitis. The 6 cases in our series were all adults, with a mean age of 58.7 years. Sites of C. meningosepticum infection were limited to the lungs, bloodstream, and biliary tree. Infection in our series was associated with prolonged hospitalization, prior exposure to multiple antibiotics, and host immunocompromise, particularly neutropenia. C. meningosepticum is resistant to multiple antibiotics, and disk dilution is notoriously unreliable for antibiotic sensitivity testing. Sensitivity testing on the 15 isolates from our institution revealed the most efficacious antibiotics to be minocycline (100% sensitive), rifampin (93%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (67%), and ciprofloxacin (53%). In contrast to reports in the literature, the isolates in our series displayed widespread resistance to vancomycin (100% resistant or intermediately sensitive), erythromycin (100%), and clindamycin (86%). These findings have important implications for the clinician when choosing empiric antibiotic regimens for patients with risk factors for C. meningosepticum infection.
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PMID:Chryseobacterium meningosepticum: an emerging pathogen among immunocompromised adults. Report of 6 cases and literature review. 906 86

On the basis of development of the immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine since 1981, many successful cases have been reported on clinical lung and heart-lung transplantations. A principal disease for a single lung transplantation is pulmonary fibrosis. Obstructive lung disease and bilateral pulmonary sepsis such as cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis are now considered to be done double lung transplantation. On the other hand, heart-lung transplantations have been performed not only on primary pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmenger's syndrome but also on restrictive and/or obstructive lung disease. Today's subjects on lung and heart-lung transplantations are as follows 1) The establishment of preservation method of transplant organs. 2) Development of an appropriate technique of monitoring for the rejected lungs. 3) Assessment and improvement of bronchial anastomotic healing. 4) Investigation of the causal factors on reimplantation response and obliterative bronchitis. Long-term survivals have been reported in both lung and heart-lung transplantation. Therefore, many attempts have been increasingly made in order to obtain the heart beating cadaver donors in Japan. But experimental study on the unsolved problems of transplantation should be continuously carried out for successful clinical lung and heart-lung transplantation.
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PMID:[Present status of lung transplantation and heart-lung transplantation]. 930 6

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) exhibits multiple biological activities in various tissues, and we have shown that LIF activates POMC gene transcription in response to immune signals. As higher serum levels of LIF have been reported in septicemia, we measured LIF values in biological fluids by RIA. Immunoreactive LIF was detected in 303 of 428 human serum samples. Circulating LIF detection rates were 69% in acute inflammatory diseases, 83% in chronic inflammatory diseases, 61% in noninflammatory diseases, and 90% in cancer patients. Serum concentrations of human LIF was higher in patients with inflammatory disease than in noninflammatory disease (0.80 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.53 +/- 0.02 ng/mL; P < 0.05) or in cancer patients (0.44 +/- 0.06; P < 0.05). Higher serum human LIF levels were found in septicemia (0.78 +/- 0.14 ng/mL), pneumonia (0.80 +/- 0.10 ng/mL), acute bronchitis (0.88 +/- 0.09 ng/mL), other infections (1.01 +/- 0.17 ng/mL), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; 0.79 +/- 0.06 ng/mL). In 7 septicemia patients, Gram-negative infection was associated with higher LIF levels (1.06 +/- 0.16 ng/mL) than was Gram-positive infection (0.58 +/- 0.14 ng/mL). In patients with acute inflammatory disease, serum LIF levels decreased within several days after hospitalization. To test circulating mouse (m) LIF changes in response to inflammatory stress, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected ip to mice. LPS increased serum mLIF values concordantly with ACTH levels. After i.p. injection of 80 microg LPS, serum mLIF increased by 144% (P < 0.05), 173% (P < 0.05), and 134% at 30, 90, and 120 min respectively. In vitro, however, LPS did not increase ACTH and mLIF secretion from dispersed mouse primary pituitary cells. These results suggest that LIF is an important participant in the pathogenesis of the acute inflammatory response. The elevated serum LIF levels observed in inflammation do not appear to originate from the pituitary.
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PMID:Measurement of leukemia inhibitory factor in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay. 954 56


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