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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There was revealed a regular reduction of plague, tularemia and pseudotuberculosis bacteria count in the lungs of guinea pigs the first 12 hours after aerosol infection. Generalization of the infectious process and associated septicemia occurred in pulmonary plague and pulmonary tularemia on the 1st-2nd day, and in pulmonary pseudotuberculosis - on the 4th-5th day. Limits of accumulation of the causative agents in the organs and the blood at various stages of the infectious process were established.
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PMID:[Experimental study of the pulmonary form of plague, tularemia and pseudotuberculosis]. 32 87

An increase of the ingestive and digestive capacity of neutrophils to the homologous causative agent and tularemia microbe was revealed by the opsonophagocytic test in Microtus arvalis, albino mice and guinea pigs infected with sublethal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Salmonella typhimurium doses. In subsequent tularemia infection some of the animals displayed a reduction of the septicemia intensity, prolongation of the disease and elevation of the susceptibility threshold. Period of manifestation of the inhibitory action on tularemia coincided with that of the increase in phagocytic activity
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PMID:[Change in phagocytic activity toward the agent of tularemia in highly sensitive animals with mixed infections]. 32 67

During caloric deprivation, the septic host may fail to develop ketonemia as an adaptation to starvation. Because the plasma ketone body concentration is a function of the ratio of hepatic production and peripheral usage, a pneumococcal sepsis model was used in rats to measure the complex metabolic events that could account for this failure, including the effects of infection on lipolysis and esterification in adipose tissue, fatty acid transport in plasma and the rates of hepatic ketogenesis and whole body oxidation of ketones. Some of the studies were repeated with tularemia as the model infection. From these studies, it was concluded that during pneumococcal sepsis, the failure of rats to become ketonemic during caloric deprivation was the result of reduced ketogenic capacity of the liver and a possibly decreased hepatic supply of fatty acids. The latter appeared to be a secondary consequence of a severe reduction in circulating plasma albumin, the major transport protein for fatty acids, with no effect on the degree of saturation of the albumin with free fatty acids. Also, the infection had no significant effect on the rate of lipolysis or release of fatty acids from adipose tissue. Ketone body usage (oxidation) was either unaffected or reduced during pneumococcal sepsis in rats. Thus, a reduced rate of ketone production in the infected host was primarily responsible for the failure to develop starvation ketonemia under these conditions. The liver of the infected rat host appears to shuttle the fatty acids away from beta-oxidation and ketogenesis and toward triglyceride production, with resulting hepatocellular fatty metamorphosis.
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PMID:Role of the liver in regulation of ketone body production during sepsis. 50 Aug 25

Infections or inflammatory states often cause significant increases in serum phenylalanine and the phenylalanine-tyrosine ratio. More than 95% of samples obtained during inflammatory diseases in man showed phenylalanine-tyrosine ratio increases greater than the maximum normal values. An increase in this ratio also occurred in monkeys with induced Rocky Mountain spotted fever, viral encephalitis, yellow fever, or pneumococcal and Salmonella infections, as well as in rats with pneumococcal and Salmonella infections, as well as in rats with pneumococcal, Salmonella or tularemia infections. A similar ratio increase occurred in rats inoculated with unpurified mediator substances (released by activated leukocytes) that appear to initiate many of the secondary metabolic phenomena associated with infection and/or inflammation. To identify responsible mechanisms, rats were given lethal doses of Streptococcus pneumoniae; serum phenylalanine and phenylalanine-tyrosine ratios increased significantly. Hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase activities were slightly decreased when compared to noninfected controls. Infected and noninfected rats showed comparable oxidation rates for 14C-phenylalanine given with an oral phenylalanine load, as a pulse-oral dose, or as an intraperitoneal injection. After 8 hr, both infected and control rats had similar amounts of radioactivity in total body protein, but tissue distributions were markedly altered during pneumococcal sepsis. Serum proteins of infected rats contained almost twice as much total radioactivity as that found in controls, while the amount of labeled phenylalanine in skeletal muscle protein was significantly reduced in the infected group. Isolated muscles from infected rats released more phenylalanine and less tyrosine than control muscles. Infection-related increases in serum phenlalanine could not be explained by decreased hydroxylation or oxidation. Rather, the data were consistent with an increased flux of phenylalanine into serum, most likely as the result of increased skeletal muscle catabolism. Elevations in the serum phenylalanine-tyrosine ratio have potential value for estimating the presence of an inflammatory fisease and the catabolic state of a patient.
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PMID:The significance and mechanism of an increased serum phenylalanine-tyrosine ratio during infection. 82 5

The isolation of Francisella tularensis from human blood is extremely rare in Europe. We here describe two cases of septicemia caused by F. tularensis biovar palaearctica, where the causative bacterium was isolated from blood. One of our patients had ingested contaminated water; the other was probably infected by inhalation of contaminated dust. The isolation of the causative organism was essential for initiating the appropriate antibiotic treatment, which led to a rapid improvement. Since the responsive agent rarely is isolated from tularemia patients, blood cultures should be drawn more often in order to improve the diagnostic procedures.
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PMID:Water- and airborne Francisella tularensis biovar palaearctica isolated from human blood. 180 Mar 75

The isolation of Francisella tularensis from blood culture is extremely rare; a review of the literature produced only five documented cases. However, over a recent 17-month period we saw four cases of tularemia in which the organism was isolated in blood culture. The clinical presentations of our patients and those reported previously were very similar. Most of the patients had a significant underlying disease and presented with the typhoidal form of tularemia. Furthermore, all our patients had sepsis, pleuropulmonary disease, and rhabdomyolysis. Tularemia agglutinins were not performed on admission serum specimens or were nondiagnostic. All the F. tularensis isolates from blood culture in our series and most of the recent documented cases were obtained in radiometric blood culture systems, which may be more sensitive than conventional systems for detecting this fastidious microorganism.
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PMID:Isolation of Francisella tularensis from blood. 376 Jan 38

We report a case of tularemia in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) diagnosed by determination of the isolate's 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence. Pathological examination of the animal revealed a multifocal acute necrotizing hepatitis, interstitial nephritis, splenitis, and lymphangitis of the mandibular, retropharyngeal, and cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes. Moreover, multiple foci of acute necrosis were found in the epithelium of the jejunum and the interstitium of the lung. Bacteriological investigations revealed a septicemia. The isolated infectious agent was uncommon, not routinely diagnosed in our laboratory and therefore difficult to identify by conventional tools in a reasonable time and effort. thus, we decided to perform a genetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Thereby, an infection with Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, was unambiguously diagnosed. This shows the great advantage 16S rRNA gene sequencing has as a general identification approach for unusual or rare isolates.
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PMID:Tularemia in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) diagnosed by 16S rRNA sequencing. 964 73

Tularemia as a potential biological weapon is of great concern because F. tularensis is a hardy organism that can be spread with a small inoculum. In addition, tularemia can be contracted through nature, predominately in rural areas. This disease can be spread by a wide variety of animals and can range from skin lesions to multi-organ involvement. The severity varies with amount of inocula, the virulence of the bacterium, and the port of entry. Exposure to aerosolized forms of F. tularensis, the major concern with bioterroism, can rapidly lead to respiratory failure and death. Untreated, other forms of tularemia can spread through the blood stream to other organs, leading to sepsis and death. Early recognition and treatment is tantamount to treatment and prevention of morbidity and mortality. Occupational health nurses are on the front line and must be assertive in identifying risk factors associated with exposure. Furthermore, education of the general population about exposure through nature can potentially decrease the incidence of tularemia. Occupational health nurses, as one of the largest health specialties in the workplace, may be the first contact for the exposed individual. Tularemia is treatable with knowledge of prevention, astute assessment, prompt identification, and treatment. Combined, they are powerful nursing tools in achieving optimal outcomes.
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PMID:Tularemia. A pathogen in nature and a biological weapon. 1222 12

Antibiotic fosmidomycin will know as inhibitor of the nonmevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis and as possible antimalarial drug, was shown to possess a certain protective effect on mice experimentally infected with tularemia, tiphus or coli-septicemia. Positive effect on mice with chronic form of tuberculosis was not observed when the animals were given 1 mg of fosmidomycin per capita twice a day. Under oxidative conditions an ESR signal of long living nitroxil free radicals were registered in the water solution of fosmidomycin. The radicals are supposed to be involved in the therapeutic effect of the antibiotic.
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PMID:[Effect of fosfidomycin on development of various infections in mice]. 1280 44

The microorganisms potentially utilized as biologic weapons have a variety of pathogenic mechanisms that lead to overwhelming infection, septic shock and death. Although many of these organisms have unique pathogenic attributes, the development of generic therapies for common pathways would be exceedingly useful as countermeasures. This review will examine the features of pathogenesis leading to sepsis for key biologic threat agents (causative agents of anthrax, plague, tularemia, smallpox and viral hemorrhagic fevers), and highlight current and future therapeutic targets. For some of the biologic threat agents, such as anthrax, substantial research has yielded a number of targeted sites for intervention. For other organisms, further elucidation of the mechanisms of pathogenesis and septic shock is needed to direct therapeutic exploration.
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PMID:Pathogenesis and sepsis caused by organisms potentially utilized as biologic weapons: opportunities for targeted intervention. 1743 Jan 23


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