Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Maternal mortality in the developing world may be less of a concern since the avalanche of concern about high infant mortality. Some programs, such as family planning, can reduce both infant and maternal mortality, however causes for maternal death are different from those for child bearing. Information on the levels and trends of maternal mortality is of poor quality due to incomplete data and inconsistent definitions. The total number of maternal deaths is a function of 2 variables, fertility and maternal mortality, and a reduction of either one can effect the number of dying women. There are large differences in the rates between the developing and the developed world. Of the 500,000 maternal deaths each year only 6,000 occur in the developed world, or about 1%. In contrast 11% of the infant deaths take place in the developed world. There are 5 primary complications that lead to obstetric death: hemorrhage, toxemia, sepsis, septic abortions, and obstructed labor. Approaches that have been recommended by the Safe Motherhood Conference in 1987 include a stronger community based health care system that screens pregnant women, refers high risk cases for immediate help, and provides preventive services such as family planning. There should also be stronger referral services to backup community care. In addition, an alarm and transport system to get women with high risk pregnancies to a referral facility for effective treatment in time is needed.
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PMID:Focus on maternal mortality. 1234 32

99% of the half-million maternal deaths in the world each year occur in developing countries, and many are the result of inopportune or undesired pregnancies. Each month over a million infants an small children also die. In Latin America and the caribbean, women have a risk 50-100 times greater of dying as a result of pregnancy or delivery than women in the US, and their children have a 5 times greater risk of dying before heir 1st birthday. The majority of infant and maternal deaths are preventable. Education and family planning services, which are neither costly nor complicated, could significantly reduce these high mortality rates. A woman's lifetime risk of maternal death is related in great part to her economic and social environment, how many pregnancies she has had, and the availability of maternal health services, It is often difficult for women in developing countries to maintain good health especially if they are poor. They are frequently poorly nourished, and may be required to perform hard physical labor. Pregnancy places greater physical demands on them and may worsen existing health problems. Maternal health risks are substantially increased as well by age under 18 or over 40 years, parity over 4, previous delivery during the last 2 years, and preexisting health problems that could affect pregnancy. Some 75% of maternal deaths are believed to result from obstetrical complications. Hemorrhage, 1 of the most frequent,is more common among older women who have already had 4 or more deliveries. Hemorrhages can be fatal in areas lacking the capability to provide immediate transfusions. Toxemia can lead to convulsions and death if not treated early. Sepsis usually results from complications of an obstructed delivery in very young mothers. Illegal abortion is another major cause of maternal death. In some Latin American ad Caribbean countries, 1/2 of maternal deaths are due to illegal abortions under unhygienic conditions. The same obstetrical risks exist throughout the world but the probability of death is greater in the developing world where access to obstetrical care is deficient. If family planning were easily accessible, women could plan their pregnancies to reduce these risks. Various factors affect the wellbeing of the children. Infants born too soon after another delivery or into families that already have 3 or more children, those born to mothers under 20 or over 40 years old, and those whose mothers die are at significantly increased risk of early death. Compared with other health interventions, family planning is an economical means of improving both maternal and child health, but it is not widely accessible in many developing countries.
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PMID:[The drama of maternal, infant and child mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean]. 1234 50

Dr. N. Tlale and Dr. G.F. van Doorn analysed maternal death data from hospital records in order to improve the quality of care at Queen Elizabeth II Hospital in Maseru, Lesotho. Greater than 50% of the maternal deaths in 1992 were due to sepsis and toxemia. 11 of the 21 women who died were 15-24 years of age; 6 were 25-34; and 4 were 35-44. 10 were having their first child. One died before delivery; 5, during delivery; 13, after delivery; and 2, after unsafe abortion. These 21 women represent a hospital maternal mortality ratio of 413 per 100,000 live births. Although a high proportion of maternal deaths were women having their first child, 9 of these women were referred after complications had started elsewhere. The goal of the Safe Motherhood program in Lesotho, which should begin at the end of 1993, is to ensure that women receive care in a timely manner. Program activities will include: 1) informing the communities of the signs and symptoms of pregnancy complications; 2) improving links between remote health centers and district hospitals; and 3) developing training materials for health personnel in regard to obstetric emergencies.
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PMID:Lesotho's referral hospital measures maternal deaths. 1234 59

Anthrax is a severe bacterial infection that occurs when Bacillus anthracis spores gain access into the body and germinate in macrophages, causing septicemia and toxemia. Anthrax toxin is a binary A-B toxin composed of protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). PA mediates the entry of either LF or EF into the cytosol of host cells. LF is a zinc metalloprotease that inactivates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inducing cell death, and EF is an adenylyl cyclase impairing host defences. Inhibitors targeting different steps of toxin activity have recently been developed. Anthrax toxin has also been exploited as a therapeutic agent against cancer.
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PMID:Anthrax toxin: a tripartite lethal combination. 1243 80

To establish a procedure for differentiating normal chickens from chickens with septicemia/toxemia (septox) by machine inspection under the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point-Based Inspection Models Project, spectral measurements of 300 chicken livers, of which half were normal and half were condemned due to septox conditions, were collected and analyzed. Neural network classification of the spectral data after principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that normal and septox livers were correctly differentiated by spectroscopy at a rate of 96%. Analysis of the data established 100% correlation between the spectroscopic identification and the subset of samples, both normal and septox, that were histopathologically diagnosed. In an attempt to establish the microbiological etiology of the diseased livers, isolates from 30 livers indicated that the poultry carcasses were contaminated mostly with coliforms present in the environment, hindering the isolation of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, to establish the cause of diseased livers, a strictly aseptic environment and procedure for sample collection is required.
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PMID:Detection of septicemia in chicken livers by spectroscopy,. 1261 95

A 34-year-old female with end-stage renal disease was admitted for severe metabolic acidosis, uremic encephalopathy, pericarditis and severe anemia following a bout of acute gastroenteritis. She improved on aggressive medical management including intensive hemodialysis and was initiated onto maintenance heparin-free hemodialysis (twelve hours per week) and discharged. After a week, she presented with fever with chills and rigors for three days, was toxic, severely orthopenic and had a pulsus paradoxus of 36 mmHg. Echocardiography suggested cardiac tamponade. Aspiration revealed frank pus with polymorphonuclear predominance and Staphylococcus aureus on culture. CT of the thorax revealed pericardial effusion. In the absence of any obvious septic foci, concomitant pleuro-pulmonary sepsis, mediastinal or intra-abdominal pathology; a diagnosis of "acute primary purulent pericarditis" was made. Patient was put on parenteral antibiotics-ceftriaxone and metrogyl. Vancomycin was added after sensitivity results. Pericardial drainage was required initially. After toxemia improved, paradox decreased and fever subsided, the pericardial catheter was removed and antibiotics continued for a period of four weeks. Maintenance hemodialysis was continued during hospital stay and after discharge.
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PMID:Staphylococcal pericarditis in a chronic renal failure patient. 1280 14

The pathogenesis of acute respiratory melioidosis mice and hamsters is described. Inhaled organisms giving rise to lesions seemed to be first engulfed by the mononuclear alveolar phagocytes, but in less than 1 day polymorphonuclear cells made their appearance. In spite of this defense reaction, the bacteria continued to multiply and their products caused focal necrosis. These foci enlarged and gave rise to septicemia, toxemia, and eventually death, which usually occurred in 3 to 10 days depending on the dose. Melioidosis, is, therefore, an acute septicotoxemic disease resembling plague and anthrax in this respect. In hamsters the disease process developed more rapidly than in mice and death occurred sooner. The course of the disease in hamsters was sometimes complicated by intraglomerular deposits resembling "fibrinoid," which were similar to those of the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon. This phenomenon may have been an indirect cause of both the perifocal hemorrhage and the extremely large number of bacteria in some of the hamster lesions. When low infecting doses of organisms were employed, mice, but not hamsters, developed a chronic type of disease, lasting 2 to 8 weeks. This was characterized by large abscesses in the spleen or lung, marked proliferation of mononuclear phagocytes and plasma cells, and increased immunity against reinfection (about 40-fold against respiratory challenge). When mice and hamsters inhaled high infecting doses of organisms, a peracute disease resulted with death in 1 to 3 days. Increased numbers of bacteria were observed in the lesions, and the histological changes in the spleen resembled those following the intravenous injection of Malleomyces pseudomallei toxin or the intramuscular injection of large doses of cortisone. These changes were characterized by a swelling of the phagocytes of the white pulp with nuclear debris. The peracute, the acute, and the chronic forms of melioidosis in mice are similar to analogous clinical forms found in man.
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PMID:Melioidosis: pathogenesis and immunity in mice and hamsters. I. Studies with virulent strains of Malleomyces pseudomallei. 1348 Dec 62

In a 29-month period, 151 of 373 deaths of California women occurring during or within 90 days of termination of pregnancy were studied jointly by the California Medical Association and the California State Department of Public Health. Twenty-two per cent of the deaths reviewed were considered unavoidable. In 74 per cent, one or more avoidable factors were identified. Avoidable factors could not be identified in 4 per cent of the cases.Thirty-three per cent of the cases considered to have avoidable factors were attributed to be solely the responsibility of the attending physician. Inadequate hospital facilities were held responsible in less than 1 per cent of deaths, while responsibility in 26 per cent of the deaths was laid directly to patient error or refusal. In 40 per cent of the avoidable deaths, more than one avoidable factor was identified. Nonobstetric conditions accounted for the greatest proportion of the deaths, followed by hemorrhage, toxemia of pregnancy, sepsis, abortion and ectopic pregnancy. The findings of this study compare closely with those of similar studies in other states, including Minnesota and Massachusetts.
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PMID:Maternal and perinatal deaths in California. 1377 12

Hyperactivation of immune cells by bacterial products through toll-like receptors (TLRs) is thought of as a causative mechanism of septic shock pathology. Infections with Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria provide TLR2-specific agonists and are the major cause of severe sepsis. In order to intervene in TLR2-driven toxemia, we raised mAb's against the extracellular domain of TLR2. Surface plasmon resonance analysis showed direct and specific interaction of TLR2 and immunostimulatory lipopeptide, which was blocked by T2.5 in a dose-dependent manner. Application of mAb T2.5 inhibited cell activation in experimental murine models of infection. T2.5 also antagonized TLR2-specific activation of primary human macrophages. TLR2 surface expression by murine macrophages was surprisingly weak, while both intra- and extracellular expression increased upon systemic microbial challenge. Systemic application of T2.5 upon lipopeptide challenge inhibited release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha and prevented lethal shock-like syndrome in mice. Twenty milligrams per kilogram of T2.5 was sufficient to protect mice, and administration of 40 mg/kg of T2.5 was protective even 3 hours after the start of otherwise lethal challenge with Bacillus subtilis. These results indicate that epitope-specific binding of exogenous ligands precedes specific TLR signaling and suggest therapeutic application of a neutralizing anti-TLR2 antibody in acute infection.
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PMID:Antagonistic antibody prevents toll-like receptor 2-driven lethal shock-like syndromes. 1514 35

Visual inspection of wholesome and unwholesome chicken carcasses with a novel two-narrowband color-mixing technique for optically enhanced binoculars is simulated. From mean spectra of wholesome, airsacculitis (air-sac), cadaver, inflammatory process (IP), septicemia-toxemia (septox), and tumor chicken samples, 10 nm wave-band pairs are selected using color difference and chromaticness difference indices for simulation of multitarget and single-target detection. The color appearance simulation uses the CIECAM97s color appearance model. Results show that for multitarget detection, the wave-band pair of (454 nm, 578 nm) is able to differentiate all six chicken conditions. For single-target detection of wholesome, air-sac, cadaver, and tumor, the wave-band pairs of (449 nm, 571 nm), (441 nm, 576 nm), (458 nm, 576 nm), and (431 nm, 501 nm), respectively, easily distinguish the target condition from the other five conditions. For single-target detection of IP and septox, the wave-band pairs of (454 nm, 591 nm) and (454 nm, 590 nm), respectively, are able to differentiate the target conditions from wholesome and tumor conditions but have difficulty with the other chicken conditions. The two-color-mixing technique shows promise for use in small-scale processing plant environments to improve the visual inspection process.
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PMID:Two-wave-band color-mixing binoculars for the detection of wholesome and unwholesome chicken carcasses: a simulation. 1616 59


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