Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare severe reaction of the skin resulting in full thickness damage to the epidermis. The condition has significant morbidity as a result of dehydration, protein loss, thermoregulatory difficulties, and renal, lung, liver and heart failure. The mortality rate approaches 30%, most commonly from bacterial sepsis. Management of this condition is cessation of the suspected causative agent and supportive care on a burns or intensive care unit. There have been recent reports of treatment using intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, though its efficacy is yet to be established. It has been proposed that IVIG inhibits the Fas-FasL mediated apoptosis of keratinocytes affected by TEN. We describe a case of extensive drug-induced TEN in a 33-year-old woman who showed rapid improvement with IVIG therapy at a dose of 0.75 g/kg/day given for four consecutive days.
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PMID:Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis with intravenous immunoglobulin. 1452 73

Patients with necrotizing fasciitis (NF) and other soft tissue infections are often treated in burn centers due to the extent of wound care and surgical intervention needed. Sepsis and surgery increase metabolic needs and may limit oral intake and necessitate enteral (TEN) or parenteral (TPN) nutrition. We reviewed the records of patients admitted with necrotizing fasciitis or surgical soft tissue infections from January 1993 to June 1998 who had indirect calorimetry (IC) measurements performed. Records were also reviewed for surgical/medical management and nutritional intervention. Twenty-six patients were admitted with 17 of these having IC measurements (133 total IC measurements). The IC group had more surgeries (mean 4.9 versus 2.7) and 82% required mechanical ventilation (mean 17.9 days). Energy expenditure showed a moderate but significant increase in energy needs (mean 23.8 kcal/kg/day, 124% BEE) with large variations (10.7-42.4 kcal/kg/day, 60%-199% BEE) in individual energy requirements. Caloric intake averaged 73% of needs based on IC (range 53%-104%). Nearly all patients (94%) required TEN (82%) and/or TPN (41%) nutrition for a mean of 24 days (range 1-68 days). NF presents a broad range of metabolic and surgical needs. Our data indicates patients with NF have increased energy requirements and suggests provision of calories at 124% basal or 25 kcal/kg actual wt/d; but due to the large individual variation, routine assessment using IC is recommended. Clinicians need to recognize the likely need for nutritional support and possibly lengthy clinical course for these patients.
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PMID:Caloric requirements in patients with necrotizing fasciitis. 1563 66

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is very rare in the newborn period. So far, three cases of TEN in newborns have been reported worldwide. We report a premature infant of 27 weeks' gestational age with TEN at 4 weeks of age. Sepsis treated by an antibiotic combination regimen preceding the TEN was a common feature of all four cases. In our patient, coagulase-negative staphylococci could be identified by blood culture, whereas the previously reported patients suffered from Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis or Escherichia coli sepsis. Possibly, the uniform association with septic infection in the cases of TEN in the neonatal period might hint at a causal association, thus differentiating it from TEN in older children or adults.
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PMID:Toxic epidermal necrolysis in a premature infant of 27 weeks' gestational age. 1565 16

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome) is a rare but very serious dermatological lesion, characterized by the sudden onset of high fever, signs of systemic toxicity and intense mucocutaneous exfoliation. Its pathophysiology is not yet well determined, although it is almost consensual the presence of an immunological basis. It appears usually as an answer to the taking of a given drug, and, in spite of being self-limited in the absence of complications, if not well managed it is associated with great morbidity and a high mortality, due, in most cases, to the developing of sepsis. Treatment includes mainly the immediate suspension of the inducing drug and the precocious admission of the patient in a hospital facility with the capacity to provide intensive support care and to minimize the infectious risk, having also the conditions for the execution of surgical debridement and covering of the affected areas, that is to say in Burn Units. There are in study several therapeutical measures designed to lower the morbidity and mortality of this syndrome, namely the use of plasmapheresis; the administration of high doses of N-acetylcysteine; immunosuppression; hyperbaric oxygen, etc. The authors present the treatment protocol in use at the Coimbra Burns Unit, in Portugal, illustrated with a clinical case from that Unit.
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PMID:[Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (Lyell syndrome): a pathology for burn units]. 1592 43

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN, Lyell's syndrome) is a rare, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction to certain medications, such as sulfonamides, antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and anti-convulsants. The incidence of TEN is 0.4-1.2 cases per million per year in the general population and 1 case per thousand per year in the HIV+ population. It is characterized morphologically by ongoing apoptotic keratinocyte cell death that results in the separation of the epidermis from the dermis. TEN carries a mortality of upwards of 40%, with the vast majority of patients succumbing to sepsis or multiorgan failure. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of TEN revealed that keratinocytes undergo Fas-FasL mediated apoptosis. No specific treatment for TEN exists to date. Attempts have been made to decrease mortality in TEN patients through supportive care and adjuvant therapies. Since 1988, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been shown to interfere with the interaction of Fas and FasL, and can be used as a treatment for TEN. This paper reviews the recent studies in the literature that have looked at the use of IVIG to treat TEN.
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PMID:Toxic epidermal necrolysis and intravenous immunoglobulin: a review. 1690 99

Toxic epidermal necrolysis is the prototype of a proapoptotic disease characterized by system CD95 dysrregulation. Drugs constitute the main antigenic triggers. Hystopatologically it is characterized by epidermis detachment and necrosis with apoptotic keratinocytes. Clinical presentation includes erithematous-ampullous lesions in the skin and mucous membranes. It is associated with serious complications such as severe sepsis and septic shock. The management in the intensive care unit includes support treatment and specific treatment with immunoglobulins that alter disease course. Recombinant activated Factor VII is effective to control the associated microvascular haemorraghe.
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PMID:[Toxic epidermal necrolysis]. 1702 10

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a life threatening desquamating disease that is often an adverse reaction to drugs. Because mortality is so high, up to 30% nationally, and the morbidity significant, these cases are managed in burn centers. This study was conducted to evaluate what drugs were given to children who developed exfoliating skin disease and to identify the complications that these patients suffered. Thirty-two pediatric cases of erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and TEN were identified during a period of 8 years in which the average number of admissions to the burn center was 200 per year. Age, sex, drug history before admission, drug treatment during hospital stay, and clinical outcomes were noted. Several drugs were identified as probable causative agents. The most common cause of exfoliating disease was a combination of azithromycin and ibuprofen, followed by ibuprofen alone. Notably, the combination of ibuprofen and another drug was responsible for four additional cases, making the total percentage of pediatric cases involving ibuprofen 47%. Although no children died, several children with TEN and SJS suffered severe ocular involvement, sepsis, pneumonia, and genitourinary complications. All of the children who experienced complications had received ibuprofen. Chi-square analysis showed the correlation between ibuprofen and complications to be statistically significant (<0.05). This association was not observed with any other drug administered. Not only is ibuprofen a potential etiologic agent of exfoliating skin disease in children, it also may contribute to the development of complications in pediatric patients with the disease. Although this association does not prove that ibuprofen is the definitive cause of complications in these cases, caution is advised when giving this drug to children with suspected erythema multiforme, SJS, and TEN.
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PMID:Morbidity and mortality of mucocutaneous diseases in the pediatric population at a tertiary care center. 1792 57

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is one of the most threatening adverse reactions to various drugs. No case of concomitant occurrence TEN and severe granulocytopenia following the treatment with cefuroxime has been reported to date. Herein we present a case of TEN that developed eighteen days of the initiation of cefuroxime axetil therapy for urinary tract infection in a 73-year-old woman with chronic renal failure and no previous history of allergic diathesis. The condition was associated with severe granulocytopenia and followed by gastrointestinal hemorrhage, severe sepsis and multiple organ failure syndrome development. Despite intensive medical treatment the patient died. The present report underlines the potential of cefuroxime to simultaneously induce life threatening adverse effects such as TEN and severe granulocytopenia. Further on, because the patient was also taking furosemide for chronic renal failure, the possible unfavorable interactions between the two drugs could be hypothesized. Therefore, awareness of the possible drug interaction is necessary, especially when given in conditions of their altered pharmacokinetics as in case of chronic renal failure.
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PMID:Fatal toxic epidermal necrolysis and severe granulocytopenia following therapy with cefuroxime. 1881 62

Lyells syndrome also called Toxic epidermal necrolysis is the extreme form of idiosyncratic drug reaction that is called Steven Johnsons Syndrome: The condition results in an extensive loss of the skin with mucous membrane involvement. Lyells syndrome has been induced by many agents. The commonest agent in the literature being sulphonamides. However, in our search of the medical literature there was no report of dihydroarthemisinin as a cause of Lyells syndrome. We report three patients seen at two tertiary health institutions with Lyells syndrome after treatment for malaria with dihydroarthemisinin. This resulted from administration of dihydroarthemisinin with chloroquine in two patients and dihydroarthemisinin with Amodiaquine in one patient. The first patient was a seven year old child who developed 90% cutaneous involvement and died from hemorrhagic shock. The second was a 28 old female that developed a 76% body surface involvement and died from septicemia. The third patient was a pregnant 37 year old woman that developed 52% body involvement and died from septic shock. In these patients the earliest symptoms were not recognized and there was considerable delay before referral. In view of the recent WHO recommendation ofArthemisinin Combination Treatment (ACT) for malaria, we expect more cases of Steven Johnson Syndrome and Lyells syndrome from ACT treatment. The aim of this report is to raise the awareness of clinicians to this potentially fatal complication.
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PMID:Severe idiosyncratic drug reaction (Lyells syndrome) after ingesting dihydroartemisinin. 1976 82

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare drug-related life-threatening acute condition. Sepsis is the main cause of mortality. Skin colonization on top of impaired barrier function promotes bloodstream infections (BSI). We conducted this study to describe the epidemiology, identify early predictors of BSI, and assess the predictive value for bacteremia of routine skin surface cultures. We retrospectively analyzed the charts of all patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and TEN hospitalized over an 11-year period. Blood cultures and skin isolates were recovered from the microbiology laboratory database. Early predictors of BSI were identified using a Cox model. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values of skin cultures for the etiology of BSI were assessed. The study included 179 patients, classified as having SJS (n = 54; 30.2%), SJS/TEN overlap (n = 59; 33.0%), and TEN (n = 66; 36.9%). Forty-eight episodes of BSI occurred, yielding a rate of 15.5/1000 patient days. In hospital mortality was 13.4% (24/179). Overall, 70 pathogens were recovered, mainly Staphylococcus aureus (n = 23/70; 32.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 15/70; 21.4%), and Enterobacteriaceae organisms (n = 17/70; 24.3%). Variables associated with BSI in multivariate analysis included age >40 years (hazard ratio [HR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35-4.63), white blood cell count >10,000/mm3 (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 0.96-3.61), and percentage of detached body surface area >or=30% (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.13-5.47). Skin cultures had an excellent negative predictive value for bacteremia due to S aureus (especially methicillin-resistant strains) and P aeruginosa, but not for those due to Enterobacteriaceae organisms. In contrast, the positive predictive value was low for all pathogens studied.To our knowledge, this is the largest study describing the epidemiology and risk factors of BSI in patients with SJS/TEN. The body surface area involved is the main predictor of BSI. Excellent negative predictive values of skin cultures for S aureus and P aeruginosa bacteremia should help clinicians consider targeted empirical antibiotic choices when appropriate.
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PMID:Bacteremia in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: epidemiology, risk factors, and predictive value of skin cultures. 2007 2


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