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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We reviewed our experience with patients suffering from civilian trauma to identify risk factors for the development of acute renal failure (ARF) and ARF outcome. Of the 437 patients consecutively admitted to a surgical intensive care unit (SICU), 206 had a SICU stay of at least 1 day and ARF developed in 30 of these patients. All ARF patients had additional organ system failure (OSF). Pre-existing chronic disease (including chronic renal failure), malnutrition, injury severity score (ISS), number of organs injured, sepsis, and all OSFs before the onset of ARF were factors predisposing to ARF. Mortality was 40%. Chronic disease, malnutrition, ISS, failure of cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, and neurological systems (either before and after ARF) were significantly associated with mortality. When OSFs were considered in their temporal relationships to ARF, only cardiovascular and pulmonary failure before, and gastrointestinal failure after, the onset of ARF were related to mortality. An increasing number of OSFs increased mortality, both before and after the development of ARF. However, the number of OSFs before was significantly greater than after ARF. Sepsis was not associated with increased mortality. Thus, the outcome of ARF patients with critical trauma seems to be dependent on factors predisposing to ARF. Our results suggest that more attention must be paid to prevention of these precipitating conditions.
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PMID:Acute renal failure in patients with severe civilian trauma. 780 Feb 44

Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (AITP) is generally a chronic disorder in affected adults. Twenty-five percent of these patients will become refractory to routine therapy (corticosteroids and splenectomy), as well as most other available agents. Intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide therapy was used to treat 20 patients with severe refractory AITP who had previously failed to achieve a sustained remission with a mean of 4.8 agents (range 2 to 8). Patients received 1 to 4 doses (mean 2.0) of 1.0 to 1.5 g/m2 intravenous cyclophosphamide per course. Of the 20 patients treated with pulse cyclophosphamide therapy, 13 patients (65%) achieved a complete response (CR), four (20%) a partial response (PR), and three patients (15%) failed to respond. Of the 13 complete responders, eight have remained in remission with stable platelet counts during followup intervals of 7 months to 7 years (median 2.5 years). Five patients developed recurrent AITP 4 months to 3 years following a CR. Of these, two patients responded to subsequent courses of pulse cyclophosphamide therapy with current remissions of 1 and 4 years. Of the four patients who obtained a PR, two remain in partial remission after 10 months and 4 years; one relapsed after 18 months and, after retreatment, is still in remission at 6 months. Of the patient characteristics examined, duration of disease was most strongly associated with response to pulse cyclophosphamide. Side-effects of treatment included neutropenia (three patients, one of whom developed staphylococcal sepsis), acute deep venous thrombosis (two patients), and psoas abscess (one patient). Intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide should be strongly considered in the treatment of patients with refractory AITP. There is a relatively low incidence of side-effects, and it can be administered easily on an out-patient basis.
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PMID:Pulse cyclophosphamide therapy for refractory autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. 779 54

A retrospective study was performed on 11 patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), 3 of whom had fulminant type BCS and 8, chronic type BCS. Both the 3- and 5-year actuarial survival rates were 64%, after one patient with fulminant, and three with chronic disease died of sepsis or multiple organ failure following transplantation. Anticoagulation therapy in the early postoperative period was tailored to each individual patient. Most of the patients received heparin for several days and were then converted to Coumadin therapy, although some were not given heparin in the immediate postoperative period but were instead commenced on oral Coumadin after the prothrombin time had recovered to within the normal range. All the long-term survivors had received Coumadin therapy and there was no recurrence of BCS and no early thrombotic or hemorrhagic event. One patient developed late thrombosis of the portal vein despite having received apparently adequate Coumadin therapy. It was thus concluded that liver transplantation is an effective therapy for both fulminant and chronic BCS, and that immediate postoperative heparinization is not mandatory for all patients.
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PMID:Liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome: a retrospective study. 805 75

Between October 1988 and December 1992, 167 patients with leukemia receiving marrow transplants from HLA-identical donors and conditioned with cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) were randomized to additional treatment with either busulfan (16 mg/kg, n = 88) or total body irradiation (TBI; n = 79). The busulfan-treated patients had an increased cumulative incidence of veno-occlusive disease of the liver, ie, 12% compared with 1% in the TBI group (P = .009). Furthermore, hemorrhagic cystitis occurred in 24% of the busulfan patients versus 8% in the TBI patients (P = .003). In patients with advanced disease beyond first remission or first chronic phase, transplantation-related mortality was 62% among the busulfan-treated patients compared with 12% among the TBI recipients (P = .002). These differences between the two groups were statistically significant in multivariate analysis. Seizures were seen in 6% of the busulfan-treated patients and were absent in the TBI group (P = .03). Grade II-IV of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was similar in the two groups, but grade III-IV and chronic disease was more common in the busulfan-treated group (P = .04). Death associated with GVHD occurred in 17% of the busulfan-treated group and 2% of the TBI group (P = .003). Patients treated with busulfan had a 3-year actuarial survival of 62%, which was worse than the 76% among those treated with TBI (P < .03). In multivariate analysis, poor survival was associated with advanced disease (P < .0001), no posttransplant septicemia (P = .0006), grade II-IV GVHD (P = .006), and busulfan treatment (P < .02). The incidence of relapse did not differ between the two groups. Relapse-free survival was also similar in the two treatment groups on analysis of data from all patients, children, patients with early disease, and those with acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. However, in adults (P = .05) and patients with advanced disease (P = .005), leukemia-free survival was significantly better in those treated with TBI. We conclude that patients treated with busulfan have more early toxicity and an increased transplant-related mortality in patients with advanced disease. TBI is therefore the treatment of choice, especially in adults and patients with advanced disease. However, busulfan is an acceptable alternative for patients with early disease and for those in whom TBI is not feasible.
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PMID:A randomized trial comparing busulfan with total body irradiation as conditioning in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients with leukemia: a report from the Nordic Bone Marrow Transplantation Group. 816 51

The cases presented illustrate the clinical application of several of the common pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in the elderly. The number of drugs that must be used with caution in the aging person is potentially quite large. In addition, there are numerous other diseases that can result in additional changes in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and target-organ effect. These conditions are particularly prevalent in the elderly patient in the critical care setting, and include the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, acute renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, and the postoperative state. It must be emphasized, however, that the elderly are not a homogeneous group. The rate of decline of many physiologic functions varies widely. Chronic diseases and lifestyle alterations are additional variables that affect the function of many body systems. Furthermore, it is likely that the different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters discussed in this article do not all change to the same degree in a given individual. Pharmacologic therapy, therefore, always will be quite empiric in elderly patients. There is no substitute for meticulous monitoring of the patient using every available modality. This is particularly crucial in the critical care setting, where drugs can be lifesaving and life threatening at the same time.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic monitoring of the elderly in critical care. 869 38

Children and adolescents with colitis present specific problems for surgeons. There has been a fashion, particularly in North America, for restoring continuity after colectomy by a direct ileo-anal anastomosis. The authors reviewed their experience with restorative proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir (RPC) in patients under 18 years of age to evaluate the outcome and to discuss the problems and challenges associated with the procedure in this age group. Fifteen patients (6 boys, 9 girls) were operated on between 1984 and 1995. The diagnoses included 12 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), two with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and one with total colonic neuronal dysplasia. The median age of the patients at the time of ileal pouch formation was 15 years, and follow-up data were available for all patients at a median of 43 months. Ten patients with UC underwent pouch surgery 4 to 14 months after initial total abdominal colectomy (7 for acute severe disease, 3 for chronic disease). Four patients (2 with chronic UC, 2 with FAP) underwent primary RPC. There were no deaths in this series. Three (20%) patients suffered serious early morbidity (pouch hemorrhage, pelvic sepsis, severe psychological crisis). Late morbidity included three patients who had small bowel obstruction, one who required laparotomy, two who required pouch revision, and five of 12 (42%) patients with UC who presented with a documented episode of pouchitis between 2 and 72 months after ileostomy closure. All patients had acceptable bowel frequency and quality of continence. This experience suggests that RPC provides an important surgical option for children and adolescents with UC or FAP.
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PMID:Restorative proctocolectomy in children and adolescents. 898 80

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a chronic disorder requiring lifelong medical therapy or surgery. In the present study we evaluated the postoperative course and effect of laparoscopic fundoplication on GORD in 27 patients with a median age of 44 (range 27-73) years. Fifteen were operated on with a Watson procedure, and 12 patients had a Nissen procedure. Median stay and convalescence after surgery was one and 10 days respectively. Three patients had to be converted into open surgery (bleeding: two, unclear anatomy: one). No major complications were seen, but four patients had postoperative complications (stenosis requiring dilatation: one, subcutaneous emphysema: one, wound sepsis: one, hernia: one. The two latter complications were seen in converted patients). Two patients had prolonged dysphagia, and two patients needed slight dietetic advice for gasbloat syndrome. In 25 of 27 patients good control of GORD was accomplished as judged by symptomatology, endoscopy and 24-hour pH measurements. It is concluded that laparoscopic fundoplication offers good control of GORD with few complications, and short hospital stay and convalescence.
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PMID:[Laparoscopic fundoplication in gastroesophageal reflux]. 904 46

The independent effects of chronic disease, age, severity of illness, lung injury score (LIS) and etiology, and preceding nonpulmonary organ-system dysfunction (OSD) on the outcome of acute lung injury (ALI) have not been examined in an exclusively medical-intensive-care-unit (MICU) population. Therefore, 107 consecutive MICU patients with ALI (76% with acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS]) were prospectively investigated. The impact of comorbidities, age > 65 yr, acute physiology score (APS), LIS, etiology of ALI, and OSD on hospital survival were studied. The overall mortality was 62 of 107 patients (58%), including 47 (58%) with ARDS. With univariate analysis, age > 65 yr, organ transplantation, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, active malignancy, chronic steroid use, and a septic or aspiration-related etiology of ALI were associated with a > or = 1.2-fold greater relative risk (RR) of hospital mortality. With multiple logistic regression, independent predictors of hospital death were age > 65 yr, organ transplantation, HIV infection, cirrhosis, active malignancy, and sepsis. APS, LIS, aspiration-related etiology of ALI, preceding OSD, and other comorbidities were not independently predictive of hospital death. Multivariate analysis of the ARDS cohort showed similar results, although cirrhosis and malignancy did not reach statistical significance. We conclude that comorbid conditions, older age, and sepsis etiology are independent predictors of hospital death in exclusively MICU patients with ALI (76% of whom satisfied criteria for ARDS). These factors should be considered in analyzing studies of new therapies and interpreting trends in mortality for ALI and ARDS.
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PMID:Acute lung injury in the medical ICU: comorbid conditions, age, etiology, and hospital outcome. 956 34

The optimal therapy for the treatment of sepsis and septic shock remains controversial. Many protocols are followed, using different strategies for initial resuscitation, cardiovascular monitoring, hemodynamic intervention, and eradication of infection. Overall, an aggressive approach to the management of cardiovascular dysfunction in septic shock is warranted. Initially, large volume fluid resuscitation is instituted. Our first choice of resuscitation fluid is 0.9% normal saline. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring using a flotation pulmonary artery catheter as well as invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring is a necessity in the hemodynamic management of septic shock. If the patient remains hypotensive (mean arterial pressure < 65 mm Hg) after adequate volume resuscitation has been established (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 12 to 15 mm Hg), then vasopressor agents must be instituted. Our first choice is usually dopamine. In patients who remain hypotensive after maximal doses of dopamine are reached, norepinephrine is added. If these agents generate excessive tachycardia or if tachyarrhythmias develop, phenylephrine can be substituted or added. Inotropic agents are useful if the patient demonstrates hypotension with a low cardiac output state. Dobutamine is the agent of choice. We initiate broad-spectrum empiric antibiotics at presentation, modifying the exact regimen based on 1) site of infection; 2) prevailing organisms and antibiotic resistance patterns in the patient's environment; and 3) other specific risk factors (immunosuppression, chronic disease, exposure and vaccination history, invasive medical devices). When appropriate, aggressive surgical debridement is pursued. Currently, there are no clinical data to support the use of antagonists for sepsis mediators, although various clinical trials remain underway. Steroids are contraindicated except for adrenal replacement therapy.
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PMID:Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Sepsis and Septic Shock. 1109 49

Necrotizing cellulitis and fasciitis may be difficult to recognize. When skin necrosis is not obvious, the diagnosis must be suspected if there are signs of severe sepsis (accelerated heart or respiratory rates, oliguria, mental confusion.) and/or some of the following local symptoms or signs: severe spontaneous pain, indurated edema, bullae, cyanosis, skin pallor, absence of lymphangitis, skin hypoesthesia, crepitation, muscle weakness, foul smell of exudates. Many risk factors are suspected. A recent case-control study demonstrated that using ibuprofen increased the risk of cellulitis complicating chickenpox in children. Evidence is lower for other risk factors that are present with a high prevalence in most series: local lesion of skin or mucous membranes (acute or chronic disease, traumatism, surgery.), diabetes, arteriopathy, alcoholism, obesity, immunosuppression, NSAIDs. The risk of streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis is increased when in contact with patients infected by the same streptococcus.
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PMID:[Necrotizing fasciitis. Clinical criteria and risk factors]. 1131 68


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