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Query: UMLS:C0036690 (sepsis)
 59,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The changes in complement components and neutrophil functions were investigated in two cases of flame burn patients who died of multiple organ failure following septic shock. In the period of bacteremia, complement activation was observed in the plasma of both patients, using an immunoblotting method demonstrating C3a-related antigens. Coincidently, reduced neutrophil function and a decrease in the superoxide and leukotriene producing capacity, were also observed. An in vitro study showed that the capacity to produce superoxide and leukotriene became reduced in normal neutrophils after exposure to complement activated serum. These observations suggested that complement activation, probably brought about by massive bacterial infection, induced the impairment of neutrophil functions and resulted in a further breakdown of the host defence system, thereby leading to sepsis.
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PMID:Complement activation and neutrophil dysfunction in burned patients with sepsis--a study of two cases. 281 Sep 60

The lesions and etiologic agents associated with 13 outbreaks of respiratory disease in commercial chickens were investigated. Adenoviruses were isolated from tracheal and lung tissues of affected chickens in all 13 outbreaks. Escherichia coli was isolated from the lung of an occasional bird. The tracheal specimens were consistently negative for Bordetella avium, but E. coli and occasionally Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. There was also serological evidence in one outbreak, and pathological evidence in another, of a concurrent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection of chickens affected with the disease. Gross and microscopic alterations in the tracheas and lungs of affected chickens were similar in all outbreaks and consisted of catarrhal tracheitis and occasionally multifocal pneumonia with mononuclear cell infiltrates. Hepatitis and splenitis with heterophil infiltrates occasionally were seen in birds with coliform septicemia. The tracheal and lung lesions in the present investigation were considered primarily of adenovirus etiology, complicated by secondary bacterial infection.
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PMID:Adenovirus infection associated with respiratory disease in commercial chickens. 282 79

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been implicated in the toxic manifestations of overwhelming bacterial infection and in the tissue wasting that often accompanies prolonged infections and malignancy. We have examined a possible role of TNF in the early metabolic alterations following acute tissue injury or sepsis. Recombinant human TNF stimulated rat liver amino acid uptake up to 5-fold in vivo and there was a concomitant increase in plasma glucagon. In vitro TNF had no direct effect on hepatocyte amino acid uptake, but it markedly enhanced the stimulation of amino acid transport by glucagon, without an alteration in binding of glucagon to hepatocytes. This permissive effect of TNF on glucagon action represents an interrelationship between the immune and endocrine systems, and it may help to explain the mechanism of hormonal regulation of both the anabolic and catabolic responses to acute injury.
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PMID:Modulation of endogenous hormone action by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor. 282 98

Mortality of 47% occurred in a commercial flock of 20-week-old leghorn pullets treated with 0.05% sulfaquinoxaline in the feed. The drug was given for 2-3 days, removed for 2 days, and fed again for 2-3 days. Gross lesions consisted of disseminated hemorrhages, bone marrow pallor, a variety of changes suggesting septicemia, and overwhelming bacterial infection. Experimental feeding of sulfaquinoxaline at 0.05% in the feed at a schedule of 3 days on, 3 days off, and 2 days on successfully reproduced the essential features and gross lesions of the field toxicosis. Mortalities of 32.5% and 43.5% were observed in sulfaquinoxaline-treated groups. A high incidence of gangrenous dermatitis occurred in chickens with the experimental toxicosis, but it was not observed in the field case.
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PMID:Experimental and field sulfaquinoxaline toxicosis in Leghorn chickens. 293 Apr 5

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF; cachectin) has been implicated as a mediator of the toxic manifestations of overwhelming bacterial infection as well as the chronic catabolic state of cancer cachexia. We have examined the acute metabolic and hormonal response after administration of recombinant human TNF in the rat. TNF given by intraperitoneal injection produced dose- and time-related increases in hepatic amino acid uptake, decreases in serum trace metal concentrations, and a pattern of endocrine hormone alterations characteristic of the acute phase response to tissue injury. In vitro zinc transport studies by rat hepatocytes cultured in the presence of TNF alone, or in combination with recombinant human interleukin 1, another mediator of the acute phase response, demonstrated that neither monokine was capable of directly stimulating zinc transport into cells. These findings suggest that TNF may function as an endogenous mediator of the early metabolic response to sepsis and that the trace metal changes induced by TNF in vivo may occur through a secondary mechanism.
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PMID:Hormonal and metabolic response to recombinant human tumor necrosis factor in rat: in vitro and in vivo. 304 39

The cell walls of gram-negative bacteria contain several biologically active components, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoprotein, and protein 1. The effects of these individual components and a synthetic analog of lipoprotein, TPP, on several activation parameters of glomerular mesangial cells (MC) were examined. Prostaglandin secretion, synthesis of the autogrowth factor, mesangial interleukin-1 (IL-1), and new synthesis of cellular proteins were assessed as markers of MC activation. All bacterial cell wall components evaluated were active in varying degrees as stimulants of prostaglandin secretion. In general, PGE was the predominant product. TPP and protein 1 also induced substantial secretion of thromboxane. Each cell-wall component was effective in stimulating mesangial IL-1 secretion. The activation of MC was associated with the enhanced synthesis of many cellular proteins in addition to IL-1. Stimulation by these bacterial components was dependent on the state of the mesangial cell cycle, because nonproliferating cells did not respond to these factors. Activation of MC by gram-negative bacterial cell wall components, with release of vasoactive prostaglandins and peptide mitogens, may be responsible for some of the glomerular hemodynamic alterations and cellular proliferative events associated with sepsis or chronic bacterial infection.
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PMID:Activation of glomerular mesangial cells by gram-negative bacterial cell wall components. 305 3

Despite the rarity of proven neonatal bacterial sepsis (1 to 5 cases/1000 live births) systemic bacterial infections during the first month of life remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Most neonatal bacterial infections occur during the first week of life (early onset sepsis) and result from the spread of micro-organisms colonising the maternal genital tract into the amniotic cavity. Susceptible infants either inhale or swallow contaminated amniotic fluid and develop generalised sepsis. During the last decade, however, improvements in neonatal intensive care have permitted the survival of a population of very low birthweight infants, who remain hospitalised for many months, and who are at increased risk of developing nosocomial infections. The primary objective of the clinician caring for infants at risk for neonatal infection is to identify all potential cases of bacterial disease quickly and begin antibiotic therapy promptly. It is equally important, however, to determine which of these cases represent true infection, and therefore require a full course of antibiotics, and which do not. This paper reviews the epidemiology of bacterial infections in neonates, and critically evaluates current recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal sepsis.
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PMID:Neonatal sepsis. Progress in diagnosis and management. 306 61

Ceftazidime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, was used as monotherapy to treat 75 term neonates with suspected perinatal bacterial infection. Septicemia was documented in ten patients (13%). Ceftazidime was administered as 25 mg/kg doses intravenously every 12 h. Peak serum concentrations at 0.5 h after dose ranged from 57 to 115 micrograms/ml and trough serum concentrations prior to next dose from 2 to 15 micrograms/ml. The overall clinical, bacteriological and laboratory response to ceftazidime was satisfactory and the drug was well tolerated. However, reservations with regard to study design, limited gram-positive drug activity and potential emergence of drug resistance require further well-controlled clinical evaluations of ceftazidime in neonatal intensive care units, before definite recommendations for the use of this antibiotic in perinatal infection can be formulated.
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PMID:Preliminary experience with ceftazidime monotherapy in perinatal infection. 312 59

Percutaneous nephrostomy drainage for the relief of obstruction or stone removal has become a common procedure. Despite the routine use of prophylactic antibiotics, nephrostomy urine frequently becomes infected (approximately 30% of cases). Noxythiolin irrigation has been used to prevent and treat bladder infections. A double-blind, placebo controlled study was carried out in 20 patients undergoing a single-stage percutaneous nephrolithotomy to evaluate the use of noxythiolin as an upper urinary tract antiseptic. In the patients whose nephrostomy tubes were irrigated with a 2.5% solution of noxythiolin, significant bacterial infection was eliminated from the nephrostomy urine and colonisation of the catheter tip was markedly reduced. Noxythiolin also rendered pre-operative infected bladder urine sterile. There were no untoward local or systemic sequelae in either group of patients. This study indicates that irrigation of the upper urinary tract with noxythiolin solution is safe and may be a useful adjunct to reduce the risk of sepsis in patients undergoing percutaneous drainage procedures.
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PMID:The use of noxythiolin (Noxyflex 'S') as an antiseptic irrigant in upper urinary tract drainage following percutaneous nephrolithotomy. 314 34

Ceftizoxime (CZX) was evaluated for absorption and excretion as well as for therapeutic effectiveness in neonates and premature infants. The following results were obtained. 1. Serum CZX concentrations were determined in 8 neonates or premature infants who were not more than 6 days old. Serum concentrations of the drug were examined in 6 neonates and/or premature infants after intravenous administration of about 20 mg/kg body weight. Average concentration at 1/2, 2, 4 and 6 hours after administration were 52.3, 36.4, 26.7 and 16.7 micrograms/ml, respectively. Serum concentrations in the other 2 infants who were given 29.7 and 25.1 mg/kg, were as high as 71 and 94 micrograms/ml at 1/2 hour and 22.1 and 39 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, respectively. Serum half-lives in 5 of the 6 mature neonates ranged from 2.36 to 3.34 hours, with averaged 2.75 hours, but was exceptionally long, 7.92 hours, in the other one. Half-lives in the 2 premature infants were 4.14 and 4.90 hours. 2. The therapeutic effectiveness on bacterial infection was evaluated for 10 newborn infants. Intravenous doses of 16.9 to 24.6 mg/kg were given in b.i.d. or t.i.d. regimen to 4 cases with pneumonia and 2 with septicemia, urinary tract infection and fetal infection each. To 1 infant with septicemia complicated with cephalohematoma, higher doses ranged from 21.8 to 49.8 mg/kg were given t.i.d. or q.i.d. Therapeutic efficacies were assessed as "Excellent" in 3, "Good" in 6, and "Poor" in 1, with an efficacy rate of 90.0%. Eradication of bacteria was complete in 2 infants each with Escherichia coli-induced septicemia or urinary tract infection. 3. For prophylactic use, the drug was given to 8 newborn infants in intravenous doses of 17.5 to 29.1 mg/kg b.i.d. or t.i.d. and no infection occurred in 7 cases. 4. No adverse reactions were obtained. Slight and transient increases in platelet count, GOT and GPT in 1 case and eosinophilia in another were observed. 5. These results suggested that CZX in an intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg b.i.d. or t.i.d. regimen in newborn infants up to 7 days of age would be effective and safe for the treatment of neonatal bacterial infections.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of ceftizoxime in neonates and premature infants]. 317 67


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