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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A family with a history of cavernous angiomas of the brain was investigated by MRI. The disease was present in four generations of the family and is consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. Among affected individuals, there was considerable variability in the extent of intraparenchymal cavernomas and neurological symptoms as a result of bleeding events. Three siblings manifested with seizures, two affected persons were symptom free at the time of investigation, and one sibling had neurological symptoms without certain correlation with cavernomas. The disease appeared to have an earlier onset in younger generations.
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PMID:Familial cavernous angiomas of the brain: observations in a four generation family. 146 64

Brain perfusion was studied interictally with 99mTc-HM-PAO SPECT in 47 adult patients with partial epilepsy and normal brain CT. Epilepsy was classified as secondarily generalized in 24 patients, as complex partial in 17 patients and as simple partial in 6 patients. In 24 patients good seizure control was not achieved as these patients had a median number of 78 seizures during the preceding month, while in the rest of the patients seizure control was relatively good (less than 6 seizures during preceding month). Local brain hypoperfusion was observed in 41 or 87% of the patients. Hypoperfusion was located close to the EEG foci in 76% and equally often with temporal and frontal foci. Hypoperfusion and the EEG focus were located on the same side in 83%. Hypoperfusion was more frequent in secondarily generalized epilepsy and simple partial epilepsy than in complex partial epilepsy. Left-sided hypoperfusion was especially associated with complex partial epilepsy. It is likely that the significant epileptogenic brain area was revealed in patients with SPECT focus and EEG focus in the same brain area. In one of our patients MRI showed a small temporal lesion which on successful removal was identified as a low-grade oligodendroglioma. Abnormalities of regional brain uptake of HM-PAO demonstrated by SPECT in patients with partial epilepsy and normal brain CT give further information about pathophysiology in partial epilepsy; this may be of use both for selecting appropriate therapy and in presurgical localization of foci.
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PMID:Interictal brain 99Tc-HM-PAO SPECT hypoperfusion in patients with unstable partial epilepsy and normal CT. 148 40

CT, MRI and neurological features of 27 children with tuberous sclerosis were prospectively compared. Imaging studies were positive in 92.5% of cases. CT was more useful in detecting subependymal nodules, while MRI showed the number and location of cerebral cortical and subcortical lesions more accurately. Cortical lesions in the cerebellar hemispheres were present in 26% of patients. Gadolinium-DTPA used in 10 patients showed slight enhancement of the subependymal lesions in 80% of cases, probably representing active lesions with alteration of the blood-brain barrier. None of the cortical and subcortical lesions enhanced. Giant-cell astrocytomas were detected in 5 patients, the postcontrast CT and MRI studies improving their assessment. Unlike subependymal nodules, all tumors showed marked enhancement regardless of their size. Seizures were present in 96% of patients, mostly beginning before 1 year of age. There was no clear relationship between the radiological features and the neurological evolution of these patients. Therefore, it is not possible to establish a clinical prognosis based on the radiological findings. MRI is the procedure of choice in the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis. When pre and postcontrast MRI are negative, CT is used to exclude small calcified subependymal nodules. MRI follow-up is required only when tumoral development is clinically suspected.
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PMID:Neuroimaging in tuberous sclerosis: a clinicoradiological evaluation in pediatric patients. 149 3

The most frequent neurological lesions found on Cranial Computerized Tomography (CT scan) in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) are cortical atrophy (psychosis, although in general atrophy is not associated with a particular clinical presentation), infarcts and haemorraghes (strokes). We describe a patient diagnosed of SLE who developed a psychotic clinical picture followed by generalized epileptic seizures within a context of diffuse lupus encephalopathy. On the neurological examination, she presented cortical blindness, generalized piramidalism and extrapiramidal rigidity. Various electroencephalographic recordings showed signs of diffuse cerebral involvement predominantly in posterior regions. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed a slight increase of IgG without oligoclonal bands and a positive anti-DNA antibody with an homogeneous pattern. Sequential CT images were carried out demonstrating hypodense areas initially in the occipital regions that extended progressively to the temporal, parietal and finally to the frontal lobes, with a moderate mass effect on the lateral ventricles and with no contrast enhancement. The images of the lesions on the CT disappeared completely with the adequate treatment as the symptomatology resolved. A MRI and cerebral angiography were performed when the patient recovered. Both MRI and angiography showed no alterations. We consider that this neuroradiological finding is exceptional, because of its total resolution. Nevertheless, more observations will be necessary to determine the exact meaning of these abnormalities.
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PMID:[Atypical neuroradiologic manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus]. 149 82

The designation of "Infantile Bilateral Striatal Necrosis" (IBSN) was first given by Friede in 1975. However, this unusual condition was first described by Paterson and Carmichael in 1924. The disease is rare with uncertain etiology. The clinical picture includes choreoathetosis, abnormal eye movements, seizures and mental dullness. These circumstances often follow symptoms such as fever, vomiting and impaired consciousness. The final diagnosis is confirmed by pathological examination, which reveals symmetrical degeneration of bilateral basal ganglia. With present technology IBSN can be well demonstrated in the brain Ct scans or MRI scans nowadays. This article reports four cases with clinical manifestations which had appeared before the age of one year. Three cases had prodromal upper respiratory tract infection symptoms with vomiting, while seizure and impaired consciousness ensued. One case had several bouts of pneumonitis followed by seizures, impaired consciousness and abnormal eye movement. Brain sonogram of one of these cases showed hyper-echoic basal ganglia, while CT scans or MRI scans revealed symmetrical hypodensity or signal change over bilateral basal ganglia, respectively. All of these led to a bedridden life. These four cases are reported based on their clinical presentations and brain imaging findings, in spite of the absence of pathological confirmation. Some of the literature are also reviewed. To sum up, IBSN should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of symmetrical bilateral basal ganglia lesion after the exclusion of other disorders such as neurometabolic disorders, central nervous system infection, carbon monoxide intoxication, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, tumors and cerebrovascular disorders etc.
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PMID:[Infantile bilateral necrosis of the striatum of corpus: report of four cases]. 151 18

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) was performed in a 14-year-old boy who had seizures suspected to have originated in mesial frontal lobe. The seizures occurred in clusters and were characterised by a change in the facial expression at seizure onset and complex motor manifestations consisting of kicking, swaying and screaming. Ictal EEG showed rhythmic alpha-waves in the left frontal area association with the ictus. Cerebral CT, MRI and SPECT revealed nothing of significance, but the PET brain scans showed frontal and parietal hypometabolism, which was most prominent in the left mesial frontal lobe. The present case suggests that FDG-PET scanning may be useful for the diagnosis of the mesial frontal epilepsy, when other imaging studies fail to show abnormalities.
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PMID:Usefulness of PET scan in a child with mesial frontal lobe epilepsy. 151 55

We report a patient with partial seizure and gigantic heterotopic gray matter. A 23-year-old young man was admitted to our hospital with complaints of frequent epileptic seizures and psychiatric symptoms. There was psychomotor delay in infancy. At the age of 4 years, afebrile convulsions appeared on several occasions. Seizures characterized by a lapse of consciousness started at the age of 13 years. He often stayed in a fantasy world and became very emotional at such time. Cranial CT demonstrated an irregularity in the wall of right lateral ventricle and disappearance of the posterior horn on the same side. This lesion, adjacent to that wall, had a signal intensity that was similar to that of the gray matter on each sequence in MRI. Histopathology of this lesion showed a number of large and small neurons. Therefore, heterotopic gray matter was diagnosed. MRI demonstrated wide cortices suggesting polymicrogyria in the right parietal lobe. Complex partial seizures with eye deviation to the left were recognized. Interictal EEG showed frequent high voltage spikes in the right temporal, fronto-temporal and parieto-occipital areas independently. Therefore, epileptic foci were thought to exist in or around those lesions.
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PMID:[A patient with gigantic heterotopic gray matter with epileptic seizures]. 152 May 66

To elucidate the clinical significance of MRI on CNS-SLE, MRI and CT scans were performed in 35 patients with SLE, of 18 patients who had CNS manifestations at the time of MRI examinations. The investigations were also carried out with 17 patients without CNS-SLE. The rate of detection of abnormal findings on MRI in patients with CNS-SLE was 77.2% (14/18), which was high, as compared with the rate of those on CT scans (50%: 9/18). Especially, all of 4 patients with seizure and 3 patients with encephalopathy showed abnormal MRI findings, although respectively 50% and 33.3% of them had abnormal CT scan findings. MRI findings were classified into 4 groups as below: 1) Large focal are as of increased signal intensity at T2 weighted image. These were observed in 2 of 4 patients with seizure and 1 of 3 patients with encephalopathy, which were completely resolved after treatment. 2) Patchy subcortical foci of increased signal intensity at T2 weighted image. These were observed in 11 of 18 CNS-SLE and 7 of 17 without CNS-SLE, which were not detected by CT scan. 3) All of six patients with cerebral infarctions showed high signal intensity areas at T2 weighted image and low signal intensity areas at T1 weighted image. 4) Normal findings were observed in 4 of 18 CNS-SLE (22.2%). We concluded that MRI is useful for the evaluation of CNS-SLE and provides more information than CT scan.
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PMID:[Abnormal findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus involving the brain]. 152 21

Newer imaging methods, particularly MRI, are recognizing increasing numbers of frontal static and progressive lesions in patients in whom recurrent seizures are the presenting and only symptoms. Surgical results in terms of controlling frontal seizures are improving and becoming comparable to those achieved in the temporal lobe. The results following removal of discrete frontal lesions are superior to those with more diffuse lesions or without demonstrable lesions. Stereotaxic surgery and microsurgical techniques are allowing safer excisions from formerly inaccessible areas or adjacent to areas of essential function. These advances have increased the number of candidates who benefit from successful frontal lobe surgery. The types of clinical seizures in patients with discrete local frontal lesions usually conform with five of the seven anatomically named seizure types described in the 1989 International Classification of Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes (supplemental motor seizures, anterior frontopolar region, dorsolateral, and motor cortex). Too few cases with discrete lesions were found with sufficiently detailed seizure descriptions of possible orbitofrontal and cingulate origin to allow separate categorizations. In those cases symptoms and signs, such as autonomic, mood and affect, gestural automatisms, and versive movements preceding the automatisms, did not seem to differentiate orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate lesion cases from each other or from those in other areas of the anterior third of the frontal lobe.
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PMID:Structural lesions of the frontal lobe. Manifestations, classification, and prognosis. 154 72

The author presents a four-year-old boy with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease who required anaesthesia during placement of PE (pressure equalization) tubes and a permanent silastic intravascular device (Broviac catheter). Pelizaeus-Merzbacher is one of a group of progressive, degenerative disorders of the cerebral white matter known as the leukodystrophies. They include metachromatic leukodystrophy, adrenoleukodystrophy, Krabbe's disease, Canavan's disease, Alexander's disease and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Due to the progressive nature of the disorders and their devastating effects on the central nervous system, these children frequently require anaesthesia during imaging procedures such as MRI or during various surgical procedures. Of concern to the anaesthetist is the high prevalence of seizure disorders, gastroesophageal reflux with the risk of aspiration, and airway complications related to poor pharyngeal muscle control and copious oral secretions. In addition, adrenal involvement and hypofunction may be seen in patients with adrenoleukodystrophy. Identification of these associated conditions during the preoperative examination will allow safe anaesthesia for these children.
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PMID:Anaesthetic considerations for the child with leukodystrophy. 156 64


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