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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clinical and neuroimaging studies were made in twenty-one patients during the attack of eclampsia. Most frequent neurological signs and symptoms were the impairment of consciousness, headache, seizure and visual disturbance. Mean arterial blood pressure increased by 46 mmHg (n = 21) during the attacks. Eight of 9 patients studied by CT and/or MRI showed transient abnormalities on brain images during the attack in the occipital cortex, basal ganglia, and internal and external capsule. The findings were compatible with brain edema and were seen mainly in the white matter. Cerebral blood flow measured by SPECT method in one patient during an attack with visual disturbance showed increased blood flow in the occipital cortex. Acute increase in blood pressure, cerebral hyperperfusion and edema, similar to the pathophysiology of hypertensive encephalopathy, were considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of eclampsia.
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PMID:[Neurological and neuroimaging studies of eclampsia]. 129 Nov 59

12 cases of cerebral "venous angioma" are reported; pathological, clinical and radiological features of the lesion are reviewed. "Venous angioma" should be regarded as a developmental anatomic variation of the venous drainage system of the white matter. Its clinical significance is controversial, although it has been reported to cause hemorrhage, seizures, progressive neurological deficits, headaches. The clinical presentation of our patients was variable and, in some of them, dependent also on associated lesions. An hematoma was found in three patients, infarction in one and tumor in one. Angiography, CT and MRI demonstrated the typical appearance of the anomaly. Surgery was performed in one patient harboring a significant cerebellar hematoma and the coexistence of a cavernoma was pathologically confirmed. Venous developmental anomalies are often identified as the source of symptoms due to other conditions, that should be treated independently sparing the anomaly.
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PMID:Cavernous angioma does not exist? 129 92

The localization of the epileptogenic focus relies on different factors. In patients with partial seizures, asymmetries in EEG background activity were measured by a statistical evaluation of spectral data. Neurophysiological results were compared with neuropsychological findings and MRI. Fifteen of 22 patients showed asymmetries in EEG background activity. The most prominent abnormality was a statistically significant increase of slow activity observed in 59% of cases. Delta asymmetry coincided with the site of lesions, evidenced by MRI, in 83% of patients; with the site of decreased beta activity in 60% and with the maximum level of spiking activity in 58% of cases. Neuropsychological tests showed a lateralization of the hemispheric function which coincided with delta asymmetry in 33% of patients. These results suggest that the EEG background activity, when compared with other parameters, may represent a useful method in lateralizing the epileptogenic focus.
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PMID:Lateralization of the epileptogenic focus by computerized EEG study and neuropsychological evaluation. 130 70

Pre-surgical evaluation of epileptic patients consists of neurological examination, intensive electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring and anatomical studies (CT and MRI). Functional methods such as PET and SPECT imaging are now used more frequently. We have studied pre-operatively 15 adult epileptic patients (8 female, 7 male) using a rotational scintillation camera interfaced to a dedicated computer. The tomographic images were obtained 15 minutes after intravenous injection of 99mTc-HMPAO. All had MRI scanning and intensive EEG monitoring which generally included seizure recording. Five patients had progressive lesions (3 meningiomas, 2 astrocytomas). In 10 patients, neuroradiological studies did not show the presence of progressive lesions (2 normal scans and 8 cases with inactive lesions). Two patients with meningioma showed hypoperfusion at the lesion site while the third patient had a marked hyperperfusion which might correlate with the clinical diagnosis of epilepsia partialis continua. In the astrocytoma patients SPECT scans showed hypoperfusion at the lesion site. Data obtained from the 10 patients without progressive CNS lesions showed: (a) in 4, SPECT findings correlated well with the anatomical findings; (b) in 5 instances, SPECT was able to disclose additional functional deficits; (c) in one case, there was no SPECT correlate of a discrete anatomical lesion. In 5 of these cases with no progressive lesions (n = 10) SPECT findings were useful as a complementary tool in determining the clinical or surgical management of these patients. Despite the small number and heterogenicity of the present sample, SPECT seems to be an useful tool as part of the clinical workup of epileptic patients who are candidates for epilepsy surgery.
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PMID:Brain SPECT in the pre-surgical evaluation of epileptic patients. Preliminary results. 130 77

The authors describe a 25-year-old woman with giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) and severe CNS involvement. She had been admitted to hospital with generalized seizures, and had gait disturbances followed by progressive mental deterioration since childhood. Neurological examination revealed mental retardation, scanning speech, cerebellar dysfunction, pyramidal signs, mainly in the lower extremities, and peripheral sensory neuropathy. Sensory nerve conduction velocity was decreased; brain CT and MRI showed diffuse demyelination. Sural nerve biopsy revealed characteristic signs of GAN. The patient's older sister had died at the age of 23, after having had similar neurological disturbances since childhood. This case illustrates an unfamiliar presentation of GAN, characterized by mild sensory neuropathy and serve CNS involvement, including seizures.
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PMID:Giant axonal neuropathy with predominant central nervous system manifestations. 131 Feb 92

A 58-year-old female was admitted and discovered to be a victim of thyrotoxicosis. She had experience periodic seizure attacks for 14 months. These seizures disappeared when function of the thyroid returned to normal. We performed many studies to search for the cause of the seizures. No epileptic focus could be detected from an EEG or a MRI of the brain. There was no abnormal laboratory data such as: hypoglycemia, hypoxemia, serum electrolyte imbalance, or an acid-base imbalance. No evidence of CNS infection was noted. She had good response to antithyroid treatment. We therefore suggest, that the seizure attacks may be related to thyrotoxicosis. In reviewing the literature, we found that only 13 cases of thyrotoxicosis with seizures have been reported since 1956 [1-9].
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PMID:Thyrotoxicosis accompanied with periodic seizure attacks a case report and review of literature. 133 94

Nervous system opportunistic infections are seen in about one fifth of AIDS cases and account for over 40% of the patients with neurological manifestations. Serious infections are seen in severely immunosuppressed patients, usually with CD4 counts of 200 ml-1 or less. The commonest is CMV, which can produce acute encephalitis, sometimes with focal hemisphere or brain-stem signs, dementia, retinitis, optic neuritis and an ascending radiculomyeloencephalitis. Cryptococcal meningitis is the most frequent fungal disease; a high degree of clinical suspicion is required in patients with fever, malaise, headache or seizures. Only CSF cultures are always positive; both serum and CSF cryptococcal antigen tests are highly sensitive and specific. Treatment with amphotericin B and flucytosine is successful in at least 70% of first episodes but side-effects are common. Without maintenance therapy 50% of patients relapse; fluconazole is recommended. Cerebral toxoplasmosis can present with focal cerebral or spinal cord signs but also as a diffuse encephalopathy; negative T. gondii serology is exceptional but positive serum titres are usually unhelpful. Treatment with sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine and folinic acid achieves good results in 90% of the first episodes, but side-effects are common. Appearances on CT scan or MRI may take several weeks to improve. The value of an empirical approach to treatment is well-established; an initial cerebral biopsy is difficult to justify. Without maintenance therapy a relapse rate of 50% can be expected; therapy with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine may also prevent pneumocystosis. HIV disease appears to increase the likelihood of neurosyphilis, and the risk of relapse after conventional penicillin doses, in patients with syphilis; at least 3-4 weeks of appropriate therapy are recommended. A number of other diseases caused by viruses, fungi, bacteria and parasites are less common; these include progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, herpes simplex and zoster infections and tuberculosis.
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PMID:Central nervous system opportunistic infections in HIV disease: clinical aspects. 134 47

Reflex epilepsy constitutes a rare form of epileptic seizures. We observed a 20-year-old man who presented with seizures induced by immersion in hot water. The trigger stimulus was specific. Contrast CT scan and MRI were all normal, not revealing any structural lesion. Ictal EEG recorded during a hot bath showed focal epileptic discharges in the left temporo-occipital area. Interictal SPECT showed a hypometabolism in the same cerebral region. Neuroimaging studies were rarely performed in this uncommon type of epilepsy. Nevertheless, in our case the result of the SPECT suggests a localized functional disturbance in the emergence of the disorder.
Seizure 1992 Sep
PMID:Hot-water epilepsy in an adult: ictal EEG, MRI and SPECT features. 134 69

Verbal recent memory disturbance was observed in a patient with a malignant glioma associated with left hippocampal atrophy. A 25 year-old male was admitted because of seizures. CT scan and MRI showed enhanced mass lesions in the left temporal lobe associated with ipsilateral hippocampal atrophy. Neurological examination disclosed right homonymous hemianopsia, word amnesia, alexia, agraphia and acalculia. Neuropsychological examination disclosed verbal recent memory disturbance, which consisted of impaired recall of the precisely memorized words after some interruption. Although hippocampal lesions are known to be often associated with cerebrovascular disease, hippocampal atrophy due to brain tumor is quite unusual. This case suggested that the left hippocampus is closely related to verbal recent memory. Hippocampal atrophy in this case conceivably derived from the decreased arterial flow due to perifocal edema or obstructive hydrocephalus.
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PMID:[A case of malignant glioma associated with verbal recent memory disturbance due to left hippocampal atrophy; case report]. 138 Jun 76

We described a 9-year-old boy with frontal lobe epilepsy presenting with gelastic seizures. CT-scan showed mild widening of the left sylvian fissure. Abnormal findings in the left frontal operculum were detected by both MRI and SPECT. Attacks mainly consisted of gelastic seizures with comfortable feeling followed by screaming with fear. Administration of anticonvulsants resulted in reducing the frequency and severity of seizures. Finally the patient had brief laughter attacks only. In the present case, the clinical course suggests that the gelastic seizures does not occur by way of the spreading of epileptic discharges to the temporal or hypothalamic region; rather it might occur as a focal symptom of the frontal region.
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PMID:[A case of frontal lobe epilepsy presenting with gelastic seizures]. 138 31


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