Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 9-year-old male patient complaining of seizure attack was admitted to the neurosurgery department. Radiologic investigations revealed a 5-cm-long metallic sewing needle extending from the right frontal cortex to the right lateral ventricle. Burr hole surgery was performed and the needle was grasped with biopsy forceps and removed with endoscopic guidance. The patient recovered without any complications.
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PMID:Intracerebral sewing needle. 1778 12

We determined acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) following inhalation exposure to chemical threat nerve agent (CTNA) sarin. Age- and weight-matched male guinea pigs were exposed to five different doses of sarin (169.3, 338.7, 508, 677.4, and 846.5 mg/m(3)) using a microinstillation inhalation exposure technique for 4 min. The technique involves aerosolization of the agent in the trachea using a microcatheter with a center hole that delivers the agent and multiple peripheral holes that pumps air to aerosolize the agent at the tip. Animals exposed to higher doses of sarin occasionally developed seizures and succumbed to death within 15 min after exposure. The LCt(50) for sarin using the microinstillation technique was determined to be close to 677.4 mg/m(3). Ear blood AChE activity showed a dose-dependent inhibition at 15 min postexposure. The inhibition of blood AChE remained constant over 35 and 55 min after sarin exposure indicating that there was no lung depot effect. Cardiac blood AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity in surviving animals euthanized at 24 h postexposure showed a dose-dependent inhibition with an inhibition of 60% at 677.4 and 846.5 mg/m(3) sarin exposure. AChE and BChE activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) showed a slight increase at 338.7 to 677.4 mg/m(3) sarin exposure but a marginal inhibition at 169.3 mg/m(3). In contrast, the AChE protein levels determined by immunoblotting showed an increase at 169.3 mg/m(3) in the BALF. The BALF protein level, a biomarker of lung injury, was increased maximally at 338.7 mg/m(3) and that increase was dropped with an increase in the dose of sarin. The BALF protein levels correlated with the AChE and BChE activity. These data suggest that sarin microinstillation inhalation exposure results in respiratory toxicity and lung injury characterized by changes in lavage AChE, BChE, and protein levels.
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PMID:Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid acetylcholinesterase levels following microinstillation inhalation exposure to sarin in Guinea pigs. 1864 22

A 3-month-old boy presented with critically elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) due to bilateral subdural hematomas, which resulted in diffuse cortical laminar necrosis, manifesting as a 1-week history of appetite loss, fever, and intermittent seizure. Initial computed tomography revealed bilateral subdural fluid collections. Burr hole drainage was carried out to control the ICP. T(1)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging on day 26 revealed diffuse linear hyperintense lesions, which suggested cortical laminar necrosis. This is an extremely unusual case of cortical laminar necrosis caused by elevated ICP due to subdural hematoma in an infant.
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PMID:Cortical laminar necrosis caused by critically increased intracranial pressure in an infant: case report. 1865 55

We sought to establish a benchmark for complications using frame-based stereotactic surgery for both deep and lobar brain surgery. During a 28-year interval, we performed frame-based stereotactic surgery in 2,651 patients. Our database was retrospectively used to assess the risks of complications after frame-based stereotactic surgery. Routine immediate intraoperative imaging detected new blood products after diagnostic biopsy in 43 cases (2.6%); only 6 patients (0.36%) required craniotomy for hematoma evacuation. Perioperative seizures occurred in 6 patients (0.36%), and 2 patients developed burr hole site infections. One patient (1%) developed an intra-abscess hemorrhage after biopsy and catheter drainage. Two deaths (0.08%) related to surgery occurred. Some centers are currently migrating to frameless, even pinless, neuronavigation-guided needle procedures for both lobar and deep brain targets. Although experimental accuracy under optimal conditions is reported to be similar to that of frame-based systems, the complication rates from a significant number of cases have yet to be reported. This report establishes the safety profile of frame-based stereotactic surgery based on a 28-year period. These results may serve as a benchmark against which free-hand or guided neuronavigation approaches may be measured, as both the advantages and risks of such procedures are assessed.
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PMID:Establishing a benchmark for complications using frame-based stereotactic surgery. 1866 39

We report a very rare case of a rapidly calcified chronic epidural hematoma (EDH) in a neonate. A 26-day-old female infant was referred to us from a regional hospital because of drowsy mentality and a seizure attack. She was delivered through caesarian section because normal spontaneous vaginal delivery was prolonged and failed. At birth, mild scalp swelling was found on the right frontal area. Scalp swelling was spontaneously resolved and she was discharged without any problems. On the 25th day after her birth, the baby presented with drowsiness and hypotonia following a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a chronic EDH that had a thick layer of calcification. A small burr-hole trephination was performed and a single silastic drainage catheter was inserted. After the operation, a total of 12 ml of liquefied hematoma was drained, and the patient's mentality improved from drowsiness to alertness. The patient was asymptomatic when discharged.
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PMID:Rapidly calcified epidural hematoma in a neonate. 1909 2

Many patients with epilepsy suffer from psychiatric comorbidities including depression, anxiety, psychotic disorders, cognitive, and personality changes, but the mechanisms underlying the association between epilepsy and psychopathology are only incompletely understood. Animal models of epilepsy, such as the pilocarpine model of acquired temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), are useful to study the relationship between epilepsy and behavioral dysfunctions. In the present study, we examined behavioral and cognitive alterations, spontaneous seizures, and neuropathology developing after a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in the C57BL/6 (B6) inbred strain of mice, which is commonly used as background strain for genetically modified mice. For this study, we used the same pilocarpine ramping-up dosing protocol and behavioral test battery than in a previous study in NMRI mice, thus allowing direct comparison between these two mouse strains. All B6 mice that survived SE developed epilepsy with spontaneous recurrent seizures. Epileptic B6 mice exhibited significant increases of anxiety-related behavior in the open field and light-dark box, increased locomotor activity in the open field, elevated plus maze, hole board, and novel object exploration tests, and decreased immobility in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Furthermore, spatial learning and memory were severely impaired in the Morris water maze, although hippocampal damage was much less severe than previously determined in NMRI mice. B6 mice in which pilocarpine did not induce SE but only single seizures did not exhibit any detectable neurodegeneration, but differed behaviorally from sham controls in several tests of the test battery used. Our data indicate that the pilocarpine model of TLE in B6 mice is ideally suited to study the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the association between seizures, brain damage and psychopathology.
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PMID:Behavioral and cognitive alterations, spontaneous seizures, and neuropathology developing after a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in C57BL/6 mice. 1950 May 73

The authors report on a case of juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA) and concomitant hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) with gelastic epilepsy that was successfully treated with endoscopic disconnection. This 6-year-old girl presented with prolonged, medically intractable gelastic seizures that were often followed by generalized tonic seizures. An enhancing, low-grade hypothalamic tumor was identified on MR images obtained when she was 11 months old, but no surgical intervention was attempted at that time apart from bur hole drainage of a chronic subdural hemorrhage. In the first surgery, performed when she was 6 years of age, the authors attempted disconnection and tumor sampling; the lesion was revealed to be a JPA. A second endoscopic disconnection was performed 1 year later to improve seizure control and obtain a pathological specimen from the nonenhancing contralateral side. The pathological results after the second surgery revealed that the enhancing mass was a spontaneously regressing JPA and the contralateral nonenhancing mass was an HH. The HH was found as latent tumor and the JPA was the mass causing gelastic epilepsy. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with a spontaneously regressing JPA and concomitant HH, both of which were treated by endoscopic disconnection.
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PMID:Endoscopic disconnection of hypothalamic astrocytoma causing gelastic epilepsy. Case report. 1964 50

6-Hydroxyflavone (6HF), a naturally occurring flavonoid, was previously reported to bind to type A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A)) receptors benzodiazepine (BZ) site with moderate binding affinity. In the present study, we showed that 6HF partially potentiated GABA-induced currents in native GABA(A) receptors expressed in cortical neurons via BZ site, as the enhancement was blocked by the antagonist flumazenil. Furthermore, in patch clamp studies, 6HF displayed significant preference for alpha(2)- and alpha(3)-containing subtypes, which were thought to mediate anxiolytic effect, compared to alpha(1)- and alpha(5)-containing subtypes expressed in HEK 293T cells. In mice, 6HF exhibited anxiolytic-like effect in the elevated plus-maze test, unaccompanied at anxiolytic doses by the sedative, cognitive impairing, myorelaxant, motor incoordination and anticonvulsant effects commonly associated with classical BZs when tested in the hole-board, step-through passive avoidance, horizontal wire, rotarod, and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure tests, respectively. The findings therefore identified 6HF as a promising drug candidate for the treatment of anxiety-like disorders.
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PMID:GABA(A) receptor subtype selectivity underlying anxiolytic effect of 6-hydroxyflavone. 2006 72

Ceramic liner fractures are rare after ceramic-on-ceramic THA. This article describes a case of an early ceramic liner fracture caused by impingement with a tilted acetabular screw head 2 months after cementless ceramic-on-ceramic THA. A 59-year-old man underwent primary THA for avascular necrosis of his right femoral head. The implant used was an Osteonics Secur-Fit HA ceramic-on-ceramic bearing system. The metal shell was fixed with 1 cancellous bone screw. During the index procedure, the acetabular screw seemed tilted in the metal shell hole, but the liner was fully seated in the metal shell without difficulty. However, 2 months later he re-presented due to pain and crepitation in the right hip. Radiographs showed that the ceramic acetabular insert had fractured. At revision, ceramic insert had fractured into large and numerous comminuted fragments, and the acetabular screw head was slightly tilted and protruded over the inner surface of the metal shell, which had worn eccentrically. The ceramic inner head and metal shell were visibly intact. Because the metal shell-bone fixation was firm, a new identical design ceramic liner and head were fitted, and no adverse event has occurred since. This case suggests that a complete check of the inside of the shell should be made when using an acetabular screw and ceramic liner. In particular, the screw head must not be tilted or left proud of the inside surface of the shell. Correct acetabular screw direction and seating are essential to avoid detrimental clinical consequences.
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PMID:Acetabular screw head-induced ceramic acetabular liner fracture in cementless ceramic-on-ceramic total hip arthroplasty. 2050 40

A 6-month-old boy presented with a rare case of infected subdural hemorrhage manifesting as sustained fever and focal seizure. The boy had been well without contributory medical history. Physical examination found no neurological impairment with intact superficial appearance and soft fontanels. The parents denied recent head trauma or shaking injury. Blood examination was normal except for white blood cell count of 19200/microl and C-reactive protein level of 6.7 mg/dl. Bacterial culture of nasal swab, urine, stool, and venous blood samples was negative. Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed normal findings. Cranial computed tomography revealed an expansive subdural fluid collection in the right frontotemporal region. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the lesion as hypointense on T1- and hyperintense on T2-weighted images with intense enhancement of the outer membrane. The patient underwent burr-hole drainage, which identified the subdural hematoma encapsulated in a thick outer membrane and intermingled with pus material. Culture of the pus identified Escherichia coli. The patient received antibiotic therapy for 8 weeks that resulted in complete resolution of the infection. We assumed that preexisting subdural hematoma formed after minor head trauma was followed by hematogenous infection by E. coli. Infected subdural hematoma is possible in infants presenting with subdural hemorrhage with clinical symptoms of bacteremia.
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PMID:Infantile chronic subdural hematoma infected by Escherichia coli--case report. 2058 74


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