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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Antihistamines are being increasingly administered in combination with various other agents, with adverse drug reactions the frequent result. The present study consisted of two experiments. Experiment 1 examined the toxicological response of rats to nicotine tartrate (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/kg) in combination with either of two H1-histamine receptor antagonists, the ethylene diamine tripelennamine HCl (0.0, 16.0, 32.0, and 64.0 mg/kg) or the aminoethyl ether diphenhydramine HCl (0.0, 32.0, 64.0, and 96.0 mg/kg). Adult female rats received intraperitoneal injections when housed 12 per cage and toxicological response (number dead per group) was assessed 24 hours post-treatment. The results showed that over the dose ranges employed, and when given alone, nicotine was completely non-lethal, tripelennamine was virtually non-lethal and diphenhydramine was toxic only at the highest dose (5 of 12, at 96.0 mg/kg). However, when nicotine and the antihistamines were delivered in combinations, the toxicological response was markedly altered. Tripelennamine in combination with nicotine yielded supra-additive interaction, with the degree of potentiation being a simple linear function of nicotine within each dose of tripelennamine. The interaction between nicotine and diphenhydramine was more complicated, with certain dose combinations yielding supra-additivity, yet with others yielding antagonism. It was suggested that seizure-precipitated cardiopulmonary collapse was the immediate cause of death, plausibly mediated by central mechanisms. As such, Experiment 2 examined the influence of adding the proconvulsant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (0.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg/kg) to nicotine (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/kg)-tripelennamine (0.0 and 32.0 mg/kg) combination treatments. Effects were assessed both at 1.0 and 24.0 hours post-injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Supra-additive toxic interaction of nicotine with antihistamines, and enhancement by the proconvulsant pentylenetetrazole. 285 8

Withdrawal seizure prone (WSP) and withdrawal seizure resistant (WSR) lines of mice have been genetically selected based on the severity of handling-induced convulsions after identical chronic ethanol exposure. The present experiments showed that naive WSP mice were more sensitive than WSR mice to a subconvulsant dose of picrotoxin, bicuculline or pentylenetetrazole as measured by the ability of these drugs to exacerbate handling-induced convulsions. This may reflect a difference between lines in the GABA-chloride channel. The density and affinity of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding sites, a cage convulsant which binds to the picrotoxin site on the GABA-chloride channel, was measured in the frontal cortex, remainder of the cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus. The binding properties of [3H]flunitrazepam and the potency of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to enhance flunitrazepam binding was characterized in whole brain samples. There were no differences between lines. The behavioral results suggest a role for the GABA-chloride channel in the differential ethanol withdrawal seizure behavior of WSR and WSP mice, but this is not due to changes in receptor densities or affinities.
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PMID:Differences in GABA activity between ethanol withdrawal seizure prone and resistant mice. 322 35

In a lifespan study, measures of motor behavior and somatic growth were recorded monthly from 31 male and 31 female gerbils. Each month, after measures were recorded, the gerbils were placed in a large, outdoor environment, or in a small indoor control cage for one hour. The enrichment experience for one hour a month had no effect on motor behavior between 2 and 7 months of age, but facilitated adolescent development. Area of the ventral gland increased more rapidly in gerbils given environmental enrichment. In male gerbils, the hindlimb was longer in those given environmental enrichment, but the opposite was true in female gerbils. More female gerbils had seizures than did male gerbils after 3 months of age, and enrichment had no significant effect on seizures in female gerbils. In male gerbils, however, more of the gerbils given enrichment experience had seizures from 2 to 4 months of age and fewer had seizures at 5 and 6 months of age than did controls.
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PMID:Brief periods of environmental enrichment facilitate adolescent development of gerbils. 372 8

We present the case of a 24-year-old woman who developed repetitive partial simple seizures confined to her right rib cage. Computed tomography scan of the head was consistent with the diagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis. The patient was started on a regimen of anticonvulsants, steroids, and praziquantel with full resolution of symptoms.
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PMID:Truncal seizures: an unusual presentation of cerebral cysticercosis. 377 95

Benzodiazepine receptors were investigated in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, the brainstem, and the cerebellum of audiogenic seizure (AGS)-susceptible and seizure-resistant (ER) control rats. In AGS-susceptible rats of Sprague-Dawley descent, muscimol (10-6 M and 3 x 10-5 M) activated the binding of 3H-diazepam (0.4 nM) significantly less than in ER-rats. This finding may be strain selective, since it was not observed in AGS-susceptible rats of Wistar descent. Specific binding of the convulsant benzodiazepine receptor ligand methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl carboline-3-carboxylate (3H-DMCM), the benzodiazepine receptor ligand 3H-diazepam and the chloride channel directed cage convulsant t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate 35S-TBPS were not significantly changed in AGS-susceptible as compared to control rats. Our findings indicate that a disturbance at the level of the benzodiazepine receptor/GABA receptor/chloride channel complex is not a likely general aetiological factor for audigenic seizures in rats.
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PMID:A study on benzodiazepine receptor binding in audiogenic seizure-susceptible rats. 609 92

In 26 seizure-prone gerbils, with chronically implanted electrodes, the electro-clinical relationship of seizures was studied. The results are based on 70 EEG recordings of fully developed seizures resulting from: (1) moving the animal from its home cage to the testing area, i.e., the naturally occurring environmentally precipitated seizures (EPS); (2) electrically induced by stimulation of cortical electrodes (ICS); and (3) electrically induced by stimulation of hippocampal electrodes (IHS). The EPS were categorized into 4 electro-clinical phases: myoclonic, clonic-tonic, tonic, and clonic movements; usually preceded by an incipient period and followed by a post-seizure period. Usually the EPS were preceded by focal single spiking in the posterior part of the hemisphere, during which the animal's behavior was normal. This spiking turned to generalized epileptic discharges (incipient period without epileptic behavior) which were followed by the 4 phases of generalized myoclonic and clonic-tonic seizures. Post-seizure coma-like behavior was associated with EEG depression. The ICS were very similar to the EPS, but of course lacking the incipient phase. In contrast to the EPS and ICS, the IHS were very different both in terms of EEG and clinical manifestations. Moreover, the post-seizure depression was absent or negligible. We concluded that in the EPS in gerbils, the cortex is of primary importance as to the site of origin of the seizure, while the hippocampal involvement is secondary to it.
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PMID:Electro-clinical studies of epileptic seizures in Mongolian gerbils. 620 Mar 1

In more than 98% of randomly bred gerbils epileptic seizures could be evoked by blowing at the animals with compressed air (5 bars for 10 s). In contrast, only few animals showed seizures in response to environmental stimuli (e.g., new cage) and handling. Thus, administration of drugs was possible without precipitating seizures. The severity of the seizures was rated on a seven-point scale. Seizure severity increased with age and reached its maximum at about 7 months. Comparison of pharmacokinetics of common antiepileptic drugs showed that these drugs, except phenobarbital, were rapidly eliminated by the gerbil which, in this respect, resembled the mouse. For determination of anticonvulsant ED50S of antiepileptic drugs in gerbils there was differentiated between "minor" seizures (grade 1-2; myoclonic seizures) and "major" seizures (grade 3-5; generalized clonic-tonic seizures). Phenobarbital, phenytoin and carbamazepine were more potent against major seizures than against minor seizures, whereas the reverse situation was obtained with diazepam, valproic acid and ethosuximide. The relative activity of the different antiepileptic drugs against minor and major seizures in gerbils corresponded to the respective activity in traditional mouse models of petit mal and grand mal epilepsy. In further experiments, a series of GABAmimetic drugs was tested, namely, compounds that selectively increase gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated neuronal inhibition in the brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs in gerbils with reflex epilepsy. 654 23

The effects of postweaning housing in environmental complexity (EC) or isolation cage (IC) conditions upon the development of anesthesia following sodium pentobarbital administration and upon seizure susceptibility following metrazol administration were studied in separate groups of rats. Male and female EC rats lost the righting reflex and developed unconsciousness more rapidly following sodium pentobarbital injection (105 mg/kg, IP) than did littermate IC rats. Male EC and IC rats did not differ in the CD50 (50% convulsion dosage by log probit analysis) following injection of a range of metrazol doses (20 to 35 mg/kg, IP) when they were kept in a quiet dimly lighted room. However, the addition of stroboscopic light stimulation (1-100 Hz) to the above procedure (doses 17.5 to 30 mg/kg) reduced the CD50 for the IC rats but did not affect the CD50 for the EC rats. The results support the view that brain excitability is lower in animals reared in environments providing higher levels of sensory stimulation.
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PMID:Differential rearing affects responsiveness of rats to depressant and convulsant drugs. 666 59

This study was undertaken to compare the effects of isolation versus grouping on pinealectomy (Px)-induced seizures in partially-parathyroidectomized (PTx) rats. Isolated rats (one per cage) experienced less than half the number of convulsions as those grouped six per cage. Furthermore, the time to the onset of the first seizure was more than doubled in isolated versus grouped rats. However, despite these differences, the number of rats convulsing per number at risk and the behavioral characteristics of the seizures of both isolated and grouped rats were virtually the same. This study shows that the method of caging dramatically affects certain aspects of Px-induced convulsions in partially-parathyroidectomized rats.
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PMID:Effects of grouping and isolation on pinealectomy-induced seizures in rats. 687 68

The genitals of male and female rats were tactilely stimulated (glass rod) for 10 successive days beginning on postnatal Days 5, 15, 35; handled but nonstimulated litter mates served as the reference groups. Limbic seizures were induced by a single systemic injection of lithium and pilocarpine when the rats were adults. The genitally stimulated female rats displayed a lower seizure threshold (as inferred from shorter seizure-onset times) relative to their cage mates. The single largest effect occurred for those females which had been stimulated after the vagina had opened (postnatal 35-45 days).
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PMID:Early genital stimulation of rats lowers limbic seizure latencies for females but increases latencies for males. 766 67


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