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 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (Batten disease) are a group of severe neurodegenerative disorders characterized clinically by visual loss, seizures and psychomotor degeneration, and pathologically by loss of neurons and lysosomal accumulation of autofluorescent storage material resembling ageing pigment. To date, eight genetic loci have been identified (CLN1-8). Four CLN genes have been isolated (CLN1, CLN2, CLN3 and CLN5) and their gene products have been characterized. CLN1 is a lysosomal palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT) and CLN2 is a lysosomal pepstatin-insensitive peptidase. CLN3 and CLN5 are proteins with multiple membrane-spanning regions and have no homologies to other proteins that would suggest their function. The CLN3 protein is associated with lysosomal membranes and the intracellular location of the CLN5 protein is unknown. Therefore, there is ample evidence that the neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses represent a new class of lysosomal storage disorders.
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PMID:The neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (Batten disease): a new class of lysosomal storage diseases. 1040 85

Among the epilepsies, the progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PMEs) form a heterogeneous group of rare diseases characterized by myoclonus, epilepsy, and progressive neurologic deterioration, particularly dementia and ataxia. The success of the Human Genome Project and the fact that most PMEs are inherited through a mendelian or mitochondrial mode have resulted in important advances in the definition of the molecular basis of PME. The gene defects for the most common forms of PME (Unverricht-Lundborg disease, the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, Lafora disease, type I sialidosis, and myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers) have been either identified or mapped to specific chromosome sites. Unverricht-Lundborg disease has been shown to be caused by mutations in the gene that codes for cystatin B, an inhibitor of cysteine protease. The most common mutation in Unverricht-Lundborg disease is an expansion of a dodecamer repeat located in a noncoding region upstream of the transcription start site of the cystatin B gene, making it the first human disease associated with instability of a dodecamer repeat. Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is caused by mutations in the CLN3 gene, a gene of unknown function that encodes a 438-amino-acid protein of possible mitochondrial location. Other forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis that occur as PME and Lafora disease have been mapped by means of linkage analysis, but the corresponding gene defects remain unknown. Sialidosis has been shown to be caused by mutations in the sialidase gene, and myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers is well known to be caused by mutations in the mitochondrial gene that codes for tRNA(Lys). How the different PME gene defects described produce the various PME phenotypes, including epileptic seizures, remains unknown. The development of animal models that bear these mutations is needed to increase our knowledge of the basic mechanisms involved in the PMEs. This knowledge should lead to the development of new and effective forms of therapy, which are especially lacking for the PMEs.
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PMID:The molecular genetic bases of the progressive myoclonus epilepsies. 1051 28

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are a large group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders with both enzymatic deficiency and structural protein dysfunction. Previously, diagnosis of NCL was based on age at onset and clinicopathologic (C-P) findings, classified as 1) infantile (INCL), 2) late infantile (LINCL), 3) juvenile (JNCL), and 4) adult (ANCL). Most patients with NCL have progressive ocular and cerebral dysfunction, including cognitive/motor dysfunction and uncontrolled seizures. After reviewing 319 patients with NCL, the authors found that 64 (20%) did not fit into this classification of NCL. With research progress, four additional forms have been recognized: 5) Finnish, 6) Gypsy/Indian, and 7) Turkish variants of LINCL and 8) northern epilepsy, also known as progressive epilepsy with mental retardation. These eight NCL forms resulted from 100 different mutations on genes CLN1to CLN8 causing different phenotypes (http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ncl). The genes CLN1 and CLN2 encode lysosomal palmitoyl protein thioesterase and tripeptidyl peptidase 1. The function of CLN3, CLN5, and CLN8 gene-encoded products is unknown, although their predicted amino acid sequences suggest they have a transmembrane topology. The diagnosis of NCL is based on C-P findings, enzymatic assay, and molecular genetic testing. Before biochemical and genetic tests are conducted, ultrastructural studies (i.e., blood [buffy coat] or punch biopsies [skin, conjunctiva]) must be performed to confirm the presence and nature of lysosomal storage material (fingerprint or curvilinear profiles or granular osmiophilic deposits). The recognition of variable onset from infancy to middle age supersedes the traditional emphasis on age-related NCL forms.
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PMID:Pheno/genotypic correlations of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. 1154 35

The neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) are the most common group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases in children, with an incidence as high as one in 12,500 live births. The main features of this disease are failure of psychomotor development, impaired vision, seizures, and premature death. Many biochemical and physiological studies have been initiated to determine the cellular defect underlying the disease, although only a few traits have been truly associated with the disorders. One of the paradox's of the NCL-diseases is the characteristic accumulation of autofluorescent hydrophobic material in the lysosomes of neurons and other cell types. However, the accumulation of this lysosomal storage material, which no doubt contributes to the neurologic disease, does not apparently lead to disease outside the CNS, and how these cellular alterations relate to the neurodegeneration in NCLs is unknown. Mutations have been identified in six distinct genes/proteins, namely CLN1, which encodes PPT1, a protein thiolesterase; CLN2, which encodes TPP1, a serine protease; and CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, and CLN8, which encode novel transmembrane proteins. Mutation in any one of these CLN-proteins results in a distinct type of NCL-disease. However, there are many shared similarities in the pathology of these diseases. The most obvious connection between PPT1, TPP1, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, and CLN8 is their subcellular localization. To date, three of the four proteins whose subcellular localization has been confirmed, namely PPT1, TPP1, and CLN3, reside in the lysosome. We review the function of the CLN-proteins and discuss the possibility that a disruption in a common biological process leads to an NCL-disease.
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PMID:The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: mutations in different proteins result in similar disease. 1202 57

Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, or Batten disease, is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive loss of motor and cognitive functions, loss of vision, progressively severe seizures, and death. The disease is associated with mutations in the gene CLN3, which encodes a novel 438 amino acid protein, the function of which is currently unknown. Protein secondary structure prediction programs suggest that the CLN3 protein has five to seven membrane-spanning domains (MSDs). To distinguish among a number of hypothetical models for the membrane topology of CLN3 we used in vitro translation of native, Flag epitope-labeled and glycosylation site-mutated CLN3 protein in the presence or absence of canine pancreatic microsomes. These were immunoprecipitated using antibodies specific for Flag or peptide sequences within CLN3 or left untreated. The results indicate that CLN3 contains five MSDs, an extracellular/intraluminal amino-terminus, and a cytoplasmic carboxy-terminus.
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PMID:Membrane topology of CLN3, the protein underlying Batten disease. 1270 16

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL), also known as Batten disease, are a group of inherited severe neurodegenerative disorders primarily affecting children. They are characterised by the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material in many cells. Children suffer from visual failure, seizures, progressive physical and mental decline and premature death, associated with the loss of cortical neurones. Six genes have been identified that cause human NCL (CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, CLN8), and approximately 150 mutations have been described. The majority of mutations result in a characteristic disease course for each gene. However, mutations associated with later disease onset or a more protracted disease course have also been described. At least seven common mutations exist, either with a world-wide distribution or associated with families from specific countries. All mutations are described in the NCL Mutation Database (http://www.uc.ac.uk/ncl).
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PMID:The genetic spectrum of human neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses. 1499 39

The neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses are a group of diseases that are characterized by progressive neuroretinal symptomatology, progressive accumulation of autofluorescing waxy lipopigments (ceroid-lipofuscin) within the brain and other tissues, and cerebral atrophy. Juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, or Batten disease, is a form of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis that is characterized by onset of neuroretinal symptoms between 4 and 10 years. Juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis is the most common type of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis in the United States and Europe and is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. Research in the last decade has led to the identification of the responsible gene for juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, which is designated as CLN3. CLN3 is located on chromosome 16p11.2-12.1. The major mutation is a 1.02 kb deletion, which removes exons 7 and 8. Both homozygotic and heterozygotic deletions at the CLN3 gene site have been associated with the clinical syndromes of juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. We report a possible atypical case of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, an infant, who presented at 5 months of age with a lack of developmental milestones, poor vision, severe retinopathy, intractable seizures, and progressive cerebral atrophy. Extensive laboratory investigations, including thorough metabolic evaluations, were unremarkable except for neuroimaging studies, electroencephalography, and electroretinography, all of which showed abnormalities confirming both cerebral and retinal degeneration. Although skin and conjunctival biopsies did not show classic fingerprint cytosomes by electron microscopic study, which characterize juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, a diagnosis of an atypical form of juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis was suspected on the basis of the clinical picture. The retinal abnormalities, surprisingly, were those believed to be diagnostic of juvenile-onset neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, or Batten disease. Subsequently, a heterozygous mutation for the common 1.02 kb deletion characteristic of juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis was established.
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PMID:Profound infantile neuroretinal dysfunction in a heterozygote for the CLN3 genetic defect. 1503 83

The neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are recessively inherited lysosomal storage diseases, currently classified into 8 forms (CLN1-CLN8). Collectively, the NCLs constitute the most common group of progressive encephalopathies of childhood, and present with visual impairment, psychomotor deterioration and severe seizures. Despite recent identification of the underlying disease genes, the mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration and epilepsy in the NCLs remain poorly understood. To investigate these events, we examined the patterns of storage deposition, neurodegeneration, and glial activation in the hippocampus of patients with CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5 and CLN8 using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. These different forms of NCL shared distinct patterns of neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus, with heavy involvement of sectors CA2-CA4 but relative sparing of CA1. This selective pattern of degeneration was also observed in immunohistochemically identified interneurons, which exhibited a graded severity of loss according to phenotype, with calretinin-positive interneurons relatively spared. Furthermore, glial activation was also regionally specific, with microglial activation most pronounced in areas of greatest neuronal loss, and astrocyte activation prominent in areas where neuronal loss was less evident. In conclusion, the NCLs share a common pattern of selective hippocampal pathology, distinct from that seen in the majority of temporal lobe epilepsies.
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PMID:Hippocampal pathology in the human neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses: distinct patterns of storage deposition, neurodegeneration and glial activation. 1560 81

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are worldwide the most common lysosomal storage disorders of childhood. Clinical features often include progressive visual impairment, seizures, psychomotor deterioration, dementia, and premature death. Most NCL cases are caused by mutations in the CLN1, CLN2 and CLN3 genes, which play an essential role in lysosomal protein degradation. Laboratory diagnostics for a patient suspected of NCL should start with enzyme analysis in the case of INCL and LINCL and investigation of lymphocyte vacuolisation for JNCL. Diagnosis at the protein level is not available for JNCL, but CLN3 mutation analysis is possible. The carrier status of healthy relatives in families with known mutations in either CLN1, CLN2, CLN3 or CLN6 can be determined with certainty by mutation analysis.
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PMID:[From gene to disease; from CLN1, CLN2 and CLN3 to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis]. 1573 38

Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (JNCL), or Batten disease, is a childhood neurodegenerative disease that is characterized clinically by progressive visual loss, seizures, dementia, and motor incoordination. Children affected with this disease tend to develop normally for the first 5 years of life. However, once disease onset occurs, they decline rapidly and die in their late 20s to early 30s. Though this represents the typical disease course, the onset and severity of disease symptoms can vary. This variability is presumed to be the result of both differences in the causative genetic mutation in the CLN3 gene as well as environmental influences. Most cases of JNCL are caused by a 1 kb deletion in the CLN3 gene, resulting in a frameshift mutation predicted to leave the first 153 amino acids of the CLN3 protein intact, followed by the addition of 28 novel amino acids. Here we report the discovery of a novel mutation identified as a G to T transversion at nucleotide 49 (G49T) in exon 2 of CLN3, introducing a premature stop codon (E17X) near the N-terminus. This mutation represents the most 5' mutation described to date. The patient examined in this study was heterozygous for the common 1 kb deletion and E17X. She had classical disease progression, suggesting that this mutation in CLN3 mimics the more prevalent 1 kb deletion and that progression of JNCL is predominantly the result of loss of CLN3 function.
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PMID:Novel CLN3 mutation predicted to cause complete loss of protein function does not modify the classical JNCL phenotype. 1608 92


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