Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of the study was to evaluate serum lipid levels during carbamazepine therapy in epileptic children. Thirty epileptic children (18 male, 12 female; age range, 30 months to 14 years) with idiopathic or cryptogenic partial or generalized tonic-clonic seizures (13 CPS, 17 GTC) were evaluated for serum lipids at the onset and the third month of carbamazepine therapy. Carbamazepine was started at 10 mg/kg/day. Mean total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels significantly increased during treatment (P < 0.05), but mean high-density lipoprotein levels were not statistically significant throughout the study. Carbamazepine treatment alters the serum lipid profile of children in such a way that it could potentially facilitate the development of atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Serum lipid levels during carbamazepine therapy in epileptic children. 1571 Mar 13

NCSE, once thought to be a rare disorder, should be considered in any patient presenting with an alteration in mental status of indeterminate cause. The psychiatrist needs to be aware of the different clinical characteristics of this disorder as well as similarities and differences from psychiatric disorders. A history of seizure is not necessary for the diagnosis, nor is motor activity necessarily associated with NCSE. An EEG is required to confirm the diagnosis and should be performed when possible, because early recognition and treatment may improve outcome. There is usually a good response to an intravenous benzodiazepine; when response has been delayed, other anticonvulsants have been used as adjuncts. The EEG is necessary to distinguish AS from CPS so that, when indicated, the proper long-term antiepileptic drug therapy can be started. Although NCSE has been described in the literature for many years, there is still a great need for carefully designed prospective studies to help define clear guidelines to assist in clinical and management decision making and, ultimately, to improve outcomes.
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PMID:Nonconvulsive status epilepticus: clinical features and diagnostic challenges. 1612 72

The electroclinical features of two Thai women with ring chromosome 20 and nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) were studied. Both have also had generalized tonic-clonic seizures and complex partial seizures of varying frequencies since adolescence. Their intellectual functions were normal. Twenty-four-hour video/EEG telemetry recorded during the NCSE showed fluctuating consciousness between overt unresponsiveness and normal awareness. The EEG consisted of long-lasting generalized rhythmic 3-5 Hz sharp or slow waves with a few spikes, lasting several days. Despite the continuous discharges, the patients had relatively subtle clinical episodes of seizures, during which they were sometimes responsive to verbal stimuli. Intravenous antiepileptic drugs (AED) had little effect on the rhythmic EEG. No lesion in their MRIs contributed to NCSE. Ring chromosome 20 was found in 20% of female karyotype in both patients [46,XX,r(20) (p13 q13)/46,XX] but were negative in four healthy siblings. Oral AEDs decreased more than 75% of the overt CPS episodes in both patients at 22 and 26 months of follow-up but had no effect on the natural history of electrical NCSE. The patients' daily activities were minimally affected by the ongoing electrical discharges. These are the first two cases reported of ring chromosome 20 with NCSE in Thailand. Our patients present a rather benign and pharmacologically responsive course probably because of the low percentage of r(20) mosaicism. The electroclinical correlations in our cases raise the possibility that the mechanism of continuous rhythmic waves in this syndrome may be unrelated to epilepsy. Assessing the severity of this syndrome using both clinical seizures and EEG is crucial.
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PMID:Ring chromosome 20 with nonconvulsive status epilepticus: electroclinical correlation of a rare epileptic syndrome. 1612 50

Inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Vice versa, immune functions are regulated by the brain. We measured postictal changes in serum levels of the immuno-modulating cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha in patients with well-defined temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and determined modifying factors. Serum levels of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha were quantified by ELISA at baseline as well as immediately, 1h and 24h after a complex partial (CPS) or secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) during video-EEG monitoring in 25 patients suffering from temporal epilepsy. IL-6 increased by 51% immediately after the seizure (p<0.01) and remained elevated for 24h. This increase lacked in patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS; n=16, mean increase 28%, p>0.5, vs. 112%, p<0.01 in patients without HS). IL-6 levels were higher after right-sided seizures as compared to left-sided seizures 24h after the seizure (8.7pg/mL vs. 3.4pg/mL, p<0.05). In patients taking valproate (VPA, n=9), the levels of IL-1beta were higher as compared to patients not treated with VPA. The results suggest a relationship between the cytokine system and characteristics of TLE such as side and pathology.
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PMID:Etiology and site of temporal lobe epilepsy influence postictal cytokine release. 1952 May 50

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has a close relationship with epilepsy. This study retrospectively examined patients with epilepsy associated with ASD. Among the 519 patients with epilepsy, 79 patients (15.2%) had ASD. Sixty-two patients had idiopathic ASD and 17 had secondary ASD. The epilepsy patients with idiopathic ASD were retrospectively analyzed. There were 47 males and 15 females, ranging from 2 to 43 years of age (median 11 years). The most frequent age at the onset of seizures was 4 years, and 85% occurred before 10. ASD was detected after the onset of epilepsy in 29 cases (46.8%), and eight of them had been overlooked for more than five years. Most of these were high-functioning ASD cases. The most frequent type of seizure was a complex partial seizure (CPS; 68%). Paroxysmal activities on EEG were localized in the frontal area in about half of the cases. Multiple anti-epileptic drugs were used in 33.8% cases (two in 17.7%, three in 16.1%), and 67.3% of the patients were seizure-free for more than two years. An amelioration of the autistic symptoms occurred after epilepsy treatment in five cases (8%). CPS with frontal paroxysms occurring from one to nine years of age seems to be characteristic of epilepsy associated with ASD.
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PMID:Frequent association of autism spectrum disorder in patients with childhood onset epilepsy. 2054 95

Eucalyptus oil (EO) is an essential oil that is widely used across the globe as an over-the-counter remedy for common ailments. EO-induced seizure (EOIS) has not been recognized as an entity, and physicians rarely ask the history of exposure to eucalyptus oil when seeing a patient with first episode of seizure. Here we report 10 cases of EO inhalation-induced seizures seen over the past 2 years in three tertiary care hospitals. Eight patients had GTCS and two had CPS. We aim to raise awareness of seizures induced by exposure to eucalyptus oil.
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PMID:Eucalyptus oil inhalation-induced seizure: A novel, underrecognized, preventable cause of acute symptomatic seizure. 2958 65

We explored associations between EEG pathophysiology and emotional/behavioral (E/B) problems of children with two types of epilepsy using standard parent questionnaires and two new indicators: tantrums recorded by parents at home and brief, emotion-eliciting situations in the laboratory. Children with Benign Rolandic epilepsy (BRE, N = 6) reportedly had shorter, more angry tantrums from which they recovered quickly. Children with Complex Partial Seizures (CPS, N = 13) had longer, sadder tantrums often followed by bad moods. More generally, BRE correlated with anger and aggression; CPS with sadness and withdrawal. Scores of a composite group of siblings (N = 11) were generally intermediate between the BRE and CPS groups. Across all children, high voltage theta and/or interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) correlated with negative emotional reactions. Such EEG abnormalities in left hemisphere correlated with greater social fear, right hemisphere EEG abnormalities with greater anger. Right hemisphere localization in CPS was also associated with parent-reported problems at home. If epilepsy alters neural circuitry thereby increasing negative emotions, additional assessment of anti-epileptic drug treatment of epilepsy-related E/B problems would be warranted.
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PMID:Tantrums, Emotion Reactions and Their EEG Correlates in Childhood Benign Rolandic Epilepsy vs. Complex Partial Seizures: Exploratory Observations. 2959 9

To compare between the 1981 and 2017 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification of seizure types based on an outpatient setting. We retrospectively reviewed 200 patients from our outpatient epilepsy registry. Based on clinical information, their seizure types were classified according to ILAE official reports, and differences between the 1981 and 2017 classifications were compared. All unclassifiable cases based on either one or both classification systems were discussed. The 200 patients had a total of 243 manifestations. Some terms in the 2017 classification clearly correspond to those of the 1981 classification, while others lack clarity and are more controversial. The three most frequently encountered seizure types based on the 2017 classification were focal to bilateral tonic-clonic (83; 34.1%), unknown-onset tonic-clonic (56; 23.0%), and focal impaired awareness (52; 21.4%). Based on the 1981 classification, the three most frequently encountered seizure types were unclassified (89; 36.6%), secondary generalized tonic-clonic (sGTCS) (83; 34.1%), and complex partial (CPS) (36; 14.8%). Seventy-five of 89 (84.3%) unclassified cases based on the 1981 classification were classified using the 2017 classification mainly due to the addition of the "unknown origin" category and a combination of different levels of terms (level of awareness and motor/non-motor features). In 14 cases, seizures were unclassifiable using both classification systems; eight were rare manifestations with unclear awareness or unusual bilateral movements and six were due to a lack of detailed description. The 2017 seizure classification greatly reduces the number of unclassifiable cases. The combination of awareness level and motor/non-motor features introduces greater flexibility and allows for detailed seizure description. Several cases, however, remain unclassified, but these are mostly due to a lack of understanding of epilepsy. The 2017 seizure classification demonstrates a steady transition from the 1981 classification with acceptable consistency and improvements.
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PMID:A comparison between the 1981 and 2017 International League Against Epilepsy classification of seizure types based on an outpatient setting. 3007 73


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