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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three cases of angiographically cryptic cerebrovascular malformations are presented and a review of the cases in the English literature is tabulated. The typical patient is a 30- to 40-year-old woman with a history of seizures and headache. There is no antecedent history suggesting hemorrhage. On nonenhanced computerized tomographic scans, these lesions are denser than normal brain. They enhance with contrast administration. The angiogram demonstrates an avascular mass. The history, physical findings, and radiographic studies suggest brain tumor. An accurate diagnosis requires operation and pathological examination of the lesion.
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PMID:Angiographically cryptic cerebrovascular malformations. 53 54

Small vascular malformations of the central nervous system are generally considered cryptic, or silent, because they are an incidental but frequent finding at autopsy. When they are symptomatic, these malformations have been associated with intracranial hemorrhage or seizures. The patient reported here had multiple small cavernous angiomas associated with a syndrome resembling pseudotumor cerebri. The increased intracranial pressure apparently was produced by multifocal areas of cerebral edema without associated hydrocephalus.
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PMID:Multiple small cavernous angiomas of the brain with increased intracranial pressure. 72 43

We prospectively analyzed MR studies of 32 patients with intractable complex partial seizures, who later underwent resection of EEG-proven seizure foci. Twenty-seven patients were imaged at 1.5, 4 at 0.35, and 1 at 0.5 Tesla. Correlation was obtained on all patients with EEG and surgical pathology. Of 19 patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), 13 exhibited an MR abnormality at the site of pathology as determined by EEG and surgery. Abnormalities included increased (8) or decreased (1) signal intensity, distortion of gray-white interface (1) and temporal lobe atrophy (3). Six patients had no abnormalities at the site of the diseased focus. MR was more sensitive in patients with other structural lesions which included tumor, encephalitis, polymicrogyria, cryptic vascular malformation, and tuberous sclerosis. Prior studies indicate some usefulness of MR in intractable seizure patients, but many report relative insensitivity of MR in defining an abnormality (as low as 11%). Our results demonstrate the usefulness of high-resolution thin-section multiplanar MR using cardiac gating or flow compensation techniques in this patient population.
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PMID:Intractable complex partial seizure: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with pathology and electroencephalography. 141 38

Prior studies indicate variable usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of patients with complex partial seizures (CPS), but sensitivities as low as 12% have been reported. We analyzed the MRI examinations of 20 patients with medically refractory CPS who later underwent resection of the seizure focus proven by electroencephalography (EEG). MRI studies were correlated with surgical pathology in all patients. Eleven of the 20 CPS patients had mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). Seven of the 11 (64%) exhibited an MRI abnormality at the site of the EEG-demonstrated histopathologic focus. MRI abnormalities included temporal lobe hypoplasia or atrophy (four patients), and increased signal intensity on long repetition time (TR) sequences (three patients). Four patients had no MRI abnormalities corresponding to the histopathologic focus. Nine of the 20 CPS patients had other abnormalities responsible for the seizures, including astrocytoma, cryptic vascular malformation, hamartoma, polymicrogyria, tuberous sclerosis (forme fruste), arachnoid cyst, and congenital hemiatrophy. No patient had normal MRI studies. Our single most useful MRI sequence was the coronal long TR/dual echo sequence, using cardiac gating and first-order gradient moment nulling to diminish flow-related artifacts that could hinder evaluation of medial temporal lobe structures.
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PMID:Magnetic resonance imaging of intractable complex partial seizures: pathologic and electroencephalographic correlation. 186 3

Detailed neurologic studies, high-field-strength MR imaging, and CT scanning were performed preoperatively in 53 patients with intractable complex partial seizures who underwent surgical treatment for epilepsy. Macroscopic structural (tumoral or vascular) lesions were found in 28% of patients. The remainder had pathologic findings consistent with mesial temporal gliosis. Tumors were found in 22% of the patients and were benign or of low-grade malignancy in every case. MR was accurate in the preoperative diagnosis of structural lesions, including very small occult tumors and cryptic vascular malformations. In patients with mesial temporal gliosis, there was correlation between the MR observation of a unilaterally dilated anterior temporal horn and the EEG-identified seizure focus and side of temporal lobectomy. However, MR demonstrated T2-weighted signal abnormalities correlating with the epileptogenic focus in only 8% of cases of mesial temporal gliosis. MR provided useful information in 28% of patients who underwent surgery for refractory complex partial epilepsy. MR obviated invasive EEG monitoring in 93% of the patients with structural lesions. MR was useful in only 8% of the patients with pathologic changes of mesial temporal gliosis.
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PMID:MR imaging in patients with intractable complex partial epileptic seizures. 210 23

Detailed neurologic studies, high-field-strength MR imaging, and CT scanning were performed preoperatively in 53 patients with intractable complex partial seizures who underwent surgical treatment for epilepsy. Macroscopic structural (tumoral or vascular) lesions were found in 28% of patients. The remainder had pathologic findings consistent with mesial temporal gliosis. Tumors were found in 22% of the patients and were benign or of low-grade malignancy in every case. MR was accurate in the preoperative diagnosis of structural lesions, including very small occult tumors and cryptic vascular malformations. In patients with mesial temporal gliosis, there was correlation between the MR observation of a unilaterally dilated anterior temporal horn and the EEG-identified seizure focus and side of temporal lobectomy. However, MR demonstrated T2-weighted signal abnormalities correlating with the epileptogenic focus in only 8% of cases of mesial temporal gliosis. MR provided useful information in 28% of patients who underwent surgery for refractory complex partial epilepsy. MR obviated invasive EEG monitoring in 93% of the patients with structural lesions. MR was useful in only 8% of the patients with pathologic changes of mesial temporal gliosis.
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PMID:MR imaging in patients with intractable complex partial epileptic seizures. 210 25

One hundred epileptic patients were included in this study according to the following criteria: intractable partial epilepsy, normal CT scan and focal EEG abnormalities. Eighty-nine patients were suffering from complex partial seizures of temporal or frontal origin, 55 and 34 cases respectively. Eleven patients presented with only simple partial seizures. MRI was abnormal in 31 patients. The abnormalities were: focal T2 increased signal intensity (13 cases) most often temporal (10 cases), cryptic arteriovenous malformation (4 cases), focal T1 and T2 signal abnormality (4 cases), focal atrophy (2 cases) and multiple abnormal T2 signals scattered in the white matter (8 cases). The site of MRI abnormalities was consistent with electroclinical data in 22 patients, of whom 20 had a temporal lobe epilepsy. Thus MRI proved to be more often abnormal in temporal than in frontal lobe epilepsy (36 p. 100 and 5.9 p. 100 respectively) when the CT scan is normal. However MRI data, particularly focal T2 hypersignals should be confronted to electroclinical and metabolic findings whenever functional surgery is considered.
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PMID:[Contribution of magnetic resonance imaging in 100 cases of refractory partial epilepsy with normal CT scans]. 211 95

Male Fischer-344 rats were given a single intrastriatal injection of kainic acid (KA; 1 microgram/rat), which caused recurrent motor seizures lasting 3-6 hr. During the convulsive period, native Met5-enkephalin-like (ME-LI) and dynorphin A (1-8)-like (DYN-LI) immunoreactivities in hippocampus decreased by 31 and 63%, respectively. By 24 hr after dosing, the hippocampal opioid peptides had returned to control levels, and by 48 hr ME-LI had increased 270% and DYN-LI 150%. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that ME-LI and Leu5-enkephalin-like (LE-LI) immunostaining in the mossy fibers of dentate granule cells and the perforant-temporoammonic pathway had decreased visibly by 6 hr and had increased markedly by 48 hr following KA. A visible decrease in DYN-LI in mossy fiber axons within 6 hr was followed by a substantial increase by 48 hr. To determine whether the increases in hippocampal ME-LI reflected changes in ME biosynthesis, levels of mRNA coding for preproenkephalin (mRNAenk) and cryptic ME-LI cleaved by enzyme digestion from preproenkephalin were measured. Following the convulsive period (6 hr), mRNAenk was 400% of control, and by 24 hr, cryptic ME-LI was 300% of control. Increases in native and cryptic ME-LI and in mRNAenk were also noted in entorhinal cortex, but not in hypothalamus or uninjected striatum. Our data suggest that KA-induced seizures cause an increase in ME release, followed by a compensatory increase in ME biosynthesis in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.
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PMID:Kainic acid alters the metabolism of Met5-enkephalin and the level of dynorphin A in the rat hippocampus. 287 67

Kainic acid (KA), an excitatory neurotoxin, was used as a tool to study the metabolism of hippocampal opioid peptides and their functional role in the expression of wet-dog shakes (WDS). A single intracerebral injection of KA (1 microgram/rat) caused recurrent motor seizures lasting 3-6 h. During the convulsive period, native Met5-enkephalin-like (ME-LI) and dynorphin A(1-8)-like (DYN-LI) immunoreactivities in hippocampus decreased by 31 and 63%, respectively. By 24 h after dosing, the hippocampal opioid peptides had returned to control levels, and by 48 h ME-LI had increased 270% and DYN-LI 150%. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that ME-LI and Leu5-enkephalin-like (LE-LI) immunostaining in the mossy fibers of dentate granule cells and the perforant-temporoammonic pathway had decreased visibly by 6 h and had increased markedly by 48 h following KA. A visible decrease in DYN-LI in mossy fiber axons within 6 h was followed by a substantial increase at 48 h. To determine whether the increases in hippocampal ME-LI reflected changes in ME biosynthesis, levels of mRNA coding for preproenkephalin (mRNAenk) and cryptic ME-LI cleaved by enzyme digestion from preproenkephalin were measured. Following the convulsive period (6 h), mRNAenk was 400% of control, and by 24 h, cryptic ME-LI was 300% of control. Increases in native and cryptic ME-LI and in mRNAenk were also noted in entorhinal cortex, but not in hypothalamus or uninjected striatum. Our data suggest that KA-induced seizures cause an increase in ME release, followed by a compensatory increase in ME biosynthesis in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Several lines of evidence from this study have suggested that hippocampal enkephalins are intimately related to KA-elicited WDS. The shaking behavior was attenuated by pretreatment with naloxone or antisera against [Met5]-enkephalin. We also observed that KA-induced WDS can be mimicked by intrahippocampal injection of enkephalin-related peptides. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that intact dentate granule cells are essential for KA- and enkephalin-induced WDS, since a colchicine injection into the ventral hippocampus, which selectively destroys granule cells, abolished this behavior.
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PMID:Kainic acid as a tool to study the regulation and function of opioid peptides in the hippocampus. 289 Feb 24

A series of 15 angiographically cryptic, histologically proved, cerebrovascular malformations occurred. Nine patients were admitted to the hospital with evidence of recent neurological deterioration or onset of headache. Six patients had convulsions. Computed tomographic scan and surgical exploration disclosed a substantial cerebral hematoma in eight instances. The pathological diagnosis was arteriovenous malformation in 11 cases, cavernous angioma in three, and venous angioma in one. Histological evidence of previous microhemorrhage was present in the majority of the specimens, including the patients who had seizures. A change in neurological status or onset of seizures probably indicates recent hemorrhage in cryptic cerebrovascular malformations.
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PMID:Hemorrhage and epilepsy in cryptic cerebrovascular malformations. 674 62


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