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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In recent years, hyponatremic seizures resulting from water intoxication have been reported in the United States with an increasing frequency that some have likened to an epidemic. Infants of parents living in poverty and uninformed of the risks of feeding fluids other than infant formula to their babies are particularly at risk. Young infants with vomiting and diarrhea are especially prone to developing hyponatremia if fed fluids lacking sufficient sodium, but even those who are otherwise well may develop symptomatic hyponatremia as a result of being fed excess solute-free water. Most often tap water, either in the form of supplemental feedings or overly dilute formula, has been given in excessive amounts over relatively short periods of time. Less frequently, water in other forms such as juice, soda, or tea has been implicated. This report includes the cases of two infants treated at our institution for hyponatremic seizures and water intoxication after being fed with the same bottled drinking water product marketed for use in infants. The medical records of all infants </=1 year of age admitted to our institution over 10 years with the diagnosis of hyponatremic seizures were also reviewed.
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PMID:Hyponatremic seizures secondary to oral water intoxication in infancy: association with commercial bottled drinking water. 937 82

Flickering light and color patterns, reading, language, movement, decision making, eating, tapping and touching, hot water immersion and auditory stimulation can induce seizures in some epileptic patients. These are known as the "reflex epilepsies". The mechanism of reflex epilepsy is not clear. Recently, we performed anterior two-thirds corpus callosotomies in two reflex epilepsy patients (ages 12 and 14 years), with follow-up for more than three years. Patient 1 had Lennox-Gastaut syndrome with auditory-induced generalized atonic or tonic seizures (startle epilepsy), which decreased by 60% after callosotomy. Patient 2 had Lennox-Gastaut syndrome with somatosensory-induced generalized tonic seizures (tap epilepsy). He was seizure-free for one year immediately after callosotomy, but his seizures recurred with the same degree and frequency as before surgery. The nonsignificant postoperative seizure outcome suggests that the corpus callosum only plays a partial role in seizure generation. Our report also discusses the possible mechanisms of generation of reflex seizures.
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PMID:Postoperative seizure outcome after corpus callosotomy in reflex epilepsy. 1074 22

A severe course of alcohol withdrawal has been observed in 28% of patients in a neurological intensive care unit due to complicating central nerve system (CNS) diseases. In any atypical alcoholic delirium, especially with focal neurological signs, partial seizures, or decreased level of consciousness, CNS diseases like meningoencephalitis, intracranial hemorrhage, or central pontine myelinolysis must be diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) scan and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) tap. The diagnostic and prognostic value of CT scan and CSF analysis was examined in 32 persons with alcohol withdrawal syndrome or delirium tremens. Neurological complications and cerebral convulsions at the beginning of delirium tremens appear to predispose the patient to a protracted clinical course and necessary mechanical ventilation. Blood-CSF barrier permeability is increased in 70% of alcohol withdrawal patients and that also seems to be a marker of a prolonged clinical course. Cerebral atrophy as shown in CT scan does not play a role in predicting clinical course. In our experience, CT examination or lumbar puncture is not necessarily recommended if clinical signs are typical for alcohol delirium.
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PMID:[Diagnostic and prognostic value of additional neurologic diagnosis in alcohol withdrawal delirium]. 1108 13

The enhancement of voluntary self-administration of ethanol by sucrose or saccharin was tested in conjunction with measurements of blood ethanol levels. Adult male rats were given access to both tap water and one of five solutions: 0.125% saccharin, 10% sucrose, ethanol, saccharin+ethanol, or sucrose+ethanol. The rats receiving the sucrose+ethanol solution drank consistently more ethanol (>5 g/kg/day) than did the rats receiving the saccharin+ethanol solution (<3 g/kg/day) or ethanol only (<2 g/kg/day). Both sweetened solutions produced higher ethanol consumption during these periods than ethanol alone. However, no significant differences in blood ethanol levels were found between the sucrose+ethanol and saccharin+ethanol conditions, when tested at different intervals on Day 44 or Day 45 of ethanol consumption. Following 45 days of consumption, no change in the bicuculline seizure threshold was observed in the ethanol-consuming rats compared to the controls. In a separate study using 90 naive rats, rats were gavaged with ethanol (1, 2, or 3 g/kg) containing either 10% sucrose (n=10 for each dose of ethanol), 0.125% saccharin (n=10 for each dose of ethanol), or ethanol alone (n=10 for each dose of ethanol), and blood was collected from the tip of the tail 30, 60, 180, 300, and 540 min later and analyzed for ethanol concentrations. Sucrose significantly decreased the resultant blood ethanol levels at several time points following gavage. These results indicate that sucrose can significantly alter blood ethanol levels and that chronic self-administration of a sweetened ethanol solution for 6 weeks does not produce ethanol dependence.
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PMID:Effects of sweetened ethanol solutions on ethanol self-administration and blood ethanol levels. 1127 3

A 46-year-old man, status post liver transplantation and taking immunosuppressive medications, was admitted after suffering a generalized seizure. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed two ring-enhancing lesions and treatment was begun for presumed toxoplasmic encephalitis. He was already receiving amphotericin B for a skin lesion suspected to be caused by candidiasis. One day after the seizure, he complained of photophobia in the left eye. Intraocular inflammation and a small infiltrate in the macula were seen. Vision deteriorated over the next three days. Vitreous tap and injection of amphotericin B and vancomycin were performed, but the intraocular inflammation continued to increase. On day 15, a vitrectomy was performed. The vitreous specimen ultimately grew Pseudallescheria boydii. The patient died on hospital day 30 from complications of the brain abscesses. Pseudallescheria boydii should be considered in the differential diagnosis of endophthalmitis, especially in patients with immunosuppression, serious medical disease, or ring-enhancing brain lesions.
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PMID:Endogenous Pseudallescheria boydii endophthalmitis in a patient with ring-enhancing brain lesions. 1147

Cerebral venous thrombosis is a clinical condition of difficult diagnosis, and poor prognosis when treatment is not started early. There is a long list of causes, and hereby we describe a case associated to prothrombin G20210 mutation. A 53-year-old man, white, was admitted with status epilepticus. After seizures control, he developed intracranial hypertension, with headache and vomiting, and bilateral papilledema. His past medical and familial history were unremarkable. He was a nonsmoker, no drug and alcohol user. CT scan and MRI showed right temporal and parietal infarct with hemorrhagic transformation. Spinal tap with opening pressure of 500 mmH2O showed normal CSF examination. MRI angiography disclosed superior sinus, right transverse and sigmoid sinus complete thrombosis. He was started with heparin and oral warfarin. In spite of anticoagulation, two months later he developed deep right inferior limb thrombosis. All the initial tests were normal, and test for prothrombin G20210 mutation was positive. He needed a much higher than conventional daily dose of warfarin to keep him asymptomatic.
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PMID:[Cerebral and systemic venous thrombosis associated to prothrombin G20210 mutation: case report]. 1476 16

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a presenile dementia characterized by rapidly progressive mental deterioration, myoclonic jerking, and other less common neurological signs. Few autoctonous cases have been described in Brazil. A 54-year-old white woman, was admitted in our service with a month history of progressive, bilateral cortical blindness. After admission, she developed right partial motor seizures( right facial, upper and lower limbs), she became progressively aphasic( mixed aphasia). Seizures were controlled with phenytoin, but she developed choreoathetotic movements on her right dimidium, with partial control after introduction of chlorpromazine 25 mg q/d. She could no longer stand up or walk due to severe ataxia. The first EEG (October, 2001) showed left hemisphere severe seizure activity (status epilepticus partialis). She was delivered home with enteral nutrition, phenytoin, chlorpromazine and mepacrine 100 mg qd. The following laboratorial tests were negative or normal: blood series, platelets, ESR, kidney and liver function, copper, ceruloplasmin, VDRL, HIV, HTLV-1, lactate, and cerebral DSA (performed in other service).A spinal tap with normal opening pressure was perform and CSF examination was normal. CSF 14-3-3 protein was positive, CSF specific neuronal enolase 7.5 ng/ml(normal). Genetic study of PRNP gene did not disclosed any known mutation. A MRI (October, 2001) showed areas of hyperintense signal (T2 and FLAIR) without Gd-enhancement on T1, in the left temporal lobe and in both occipital lobes; basal ganglia have a normal appearance. DWI imaging showed bright areas at the same sites. An EEG (March, 2002) disclosed a periodical sharp triphasic waves pattern, suggestive of CJD. A second MRI (April, 2002) showed mild generalized atrophy, no ventricular dilatation, and the hyperintense sites disappeared. She remained clinically stable and under use of chlorpromazine and mepacrine until she died due to pulmonary complications on April, 2003.
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PMID:[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Heidenhain variant: case report with MRI (DWI) findings]. 1523 44

The present study was developed to ascertain whether or not susceptibility to lidocaine-kindling persists into adulthood in perinatal hypothyroid rats. Pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: the first one, a control group, that drank tap water; and a second one, a hypothyroid group, were treated with 0.02% propylthiouracil in their drinking water from the 14th gestational day to the 10th postpartum day. The pups of both groups were maintained with food and tap water ad libitum until the experiment was over. The pups of each group were divided to test the susceptibility to lidocaine-kindling at 30 and 100 days old, for this, lidocaine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered daily. The seizures were usually present in the form of tonic attacks of fore and hind limbs, followed by intermittent clonic movements. An animal was considered kindled when it showed clonic movements for two consecutive days. We observed that the number of stimuli necessary to produce lidocaine-kindling seizures in hypothyroid rats was significantly lower than in the control group for both ages. Also, the percentage of kindled rats aged 30 days (73% and 89%) was greater than aged of 100 days (26% and 59%) in both control and hypothyroid groups, respectively. In conclusion, the perinatal hypothyroidism increases the susceptibility to lidocaine-kindling in adult rats.
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PMID:Perinatal hypothyroidism increases the susceptibility to lidocaine-kindling in adult rats. 1533 Nov 49

About 1 week after the induction of status epilepticus in male rats by a single systemic injection of lithium (3 mEq/kg) and pilocarpine (30 g/kg), rats were continuously administered one of three herbal treatments through the water supply for 30 days. A fourth group received colloidal minerals and diluted food grade hydrogen peroxide in tap water, while a fifth group of rats received only tap water (control). Herbal treatments were selected for their historical antiseizure activities and sedative actions on the nervous system. The numbers of spontaneous seizures per day during a 15 min observation interval were recorded for each rat during the treatment period and during an additional 30 days when only tap water was given. Rats that received a weak solution of the three herbal fluid extracts of Scutellaria lateri flora (Skullcap), Gelsemium sempervirens (Gelsemium) and Datura stramonium (Jimson Weed) displayed no seizures during treatment while all the other groups were not seizure-free. However, when this treatment was removed, the rats in this group displayed numbers of spontaneous seizures comparable to the controls. Although there is no proof that herbal remedies can control limbic or temporal lobe epilepsy, the results of this experiment strongly suggest that the appropriate combination of herbal compounds may be helpful as adjunctive interventions.
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PMID:Herbal treatment following post-seizure induction in rat by lithium pilocarpine: Scutellaria lateriflora (Skullcap), Gelsemium sempervirens (Gelsemium) and Datura stramonium (Jimson Weed) may prevent development of spontaneous seizures. 1547 9

The present work was performed in order to know if mild hypothyroidism in rats modifies the activity of the Na+/K+ -ATPase in different regions of the brain. Male Wistar rats (300-350 g) were randomly divided into three groups: (1) control group (n=8) drank tap water. (2) hypothyroid group (n=8) treated with 60 mg/kg of methimazole in drinking water; and (3) replaced group (n=8) treated with 60 mg/kg of methimazole plus 35 microg/kg of thyroid hormone (T3) in drinking water. After four weeks of treatment, the rats of all groups were sacrificed by decapitation. The cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and cerebellum were dissected and frozen at -70 degrees C until assay. For enzymatic assay, the tissues were homogenized. The Na+/K+ -ATPase activity was determined by quantifying inorganic phosphate after the samples were incubated with ATP in the presence and absence of 1 mM ouabain. The Na+/K+ -ATPase activity is expressed as pmoles Pi/hr/mg protein. The results showed that the Na+/K+ -ATPase activity in the cortex, amygdala and hippocampus, but not in cerebellum, was lower in hypothyroid group than in control group (p<0.05). The co-administration of methimazole and T3 avoided the decrease of Na+/K+ -ATPase activity, except in amygdala. According to the results obtained we concluded that methimazole treatment decreased the Na+/K+- ATPase activity in the brain's regions which are related to seizures onset. That decrement in enzyme activity was avoided with the coadministration of thyroid hormone.
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PMID:Selective decrease of Na+/k+ -ATPase activity in the brain of hypothyroid rats. 1641 60


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