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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The time relations of epileptic events have been studied in 3 sets of data: (I) counts of individual epileptiform discharges in twelve 48 h EEG recordings, (IIa) seizure calendars of 30 therapy-resistant outpatients participating in a drug trial, (IIb) seizure calendars of 10 mentally subnormal epileptic patients resident in a long-stay unit. The EEG data I were characterized most often by a Poisson distribution of intervals between discharges and the occurrence of marked periodicities, particularly at night. The periods of rhythmic nocturnal events ranged from 13 to 142 min and did not appear to correspond to the REM/non-REM cycle. In the seizure data IIa and b a Poisson distribution of intervals between events was found in half the patients. Periodicities occurred only in group IIa and did not correspond to weekly or monthly cycles. A stochastic process is considered to be the model which best fits these data.
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PMID:Temporal characteristics of seizures and epileptiform discharges. 620 98

In a 4-month-old female with agenesis of the corpus callosum, seizures resembling infantile spasms were observed succeeding tonic-clonic seizures. Interictal EEG revealed hypsarrhythmia with an asynchronous pattern. Overnight sleep polygraphy was performed before, during and after ACTH therapy. The results were as follows: 1) Clinical seizures were observed only before ACTH therapy. The clinical seizures and the ictal discharges without any apparent clinical seizures occurred in all stages of wakefulness, REM sleep and NREM sleep. 2) The clinical seizures first began with the tonic-clonic seizures and were followed by seizures resembling infantile spasms. The seizures resembling infantile spasms did not appear singly. The ictal discharges in the tonic-clonic seizures appeared only in one hemisphere and, moreover, asynchronously on many occasions. The polygram of a seizure resembling infantile spasms was just like that of infantile spasms. 3) Before ACTH therapy, decrease of REM sleep time and lack of slow wave sleep were found. Decrease of REM sleep time, lightening of sleep and prolongation of awake time were observed during ACTH therapy as compared with those before the therapy. It was indicated that the seizures resembling infantile spasms in the present case differed considerably from infantile spasms. In addition, it was suggested that the asynchrony of hypsarrhythmia and the asymmetry of ictal discharges were not attributable to agenesis of the corpus callosum but dysfunction of a lower area than the corpus callosum.
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PMID:Overnight polygraphic study of agenesis of the corpus callosum with seizures resembling infantile spasms. 626 3

In Lennox syndrome the brainstem which plays important roles in regulating sleep and its parameters is thought to be disturbed. In order to clarify the importance of the dysfunction of the brainstem in Lennox syndrome, polygraphic examination were studied and their findings were assessed with prognosis. 8 patients aged from 6 to 17 years were subjected to this study. They were divided into two groups according to their prognosis. Group 1 showed good prognosis. Seizures were easily controllable and have not occurred for more than 24 months. In group 2 seizures were intractable and were uncontrollable by medication. In 4 normal children ranging in age from 4 to 10 years, the same studies were performed. Recordings were performed on two consecutive nights and the second night recordings were used for analysis. Polygraph consisted of EEG from C4 and P4, bipolar EOG from electrode attached to outer canthus, surface EMG from submental muscle and 5 or 6 other muscles including trunk and limbs. Sleep stages were determined in each minute according to the standard of APSS. Body movements were classified into two types on the basis of their distribution over body parts and on duration of movements. Gross movements (GM) involved the body trunk and lasted for more than two seconds. Twitch movements (TM) were localized in one muscle on surface EMG recordings lasting less than 0.5 seconds. In normal children, the rate of GM in sleep stage 1 and REM are significantly higher than slow wave sleep. And this is the same in TM of all muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Body movements during sleep in Lennox syndrome]. 633 76

Short term sleep-EEGs of children (23 males and 7 females) with myoclonic-astatic seizures were carried out. All of them were treated with mostly more than one antiepileptic drug. An EEG during wakefulness was recorded shortly before sleep in 23 patients, whereas 7 children fell asleep at once. Sleep was induced with 2 mg/kg body weight Protactyl syrus (promazie hydrochloride). The clinical findings correspond with known results. In the wake EEG epileptic activity was recorded in 16 out of 23 cases. In the sleep EEG epileptic discharges were seen in all patients with the exception of 2, who were free of seizures. These discharges were most frequently recorded in stage B (25 times) 20 times in stage C, 18 times in stage A und 13 times in stage D. The REM-stage was never reached. Also in respect of the total duration of the recording considerably more epileptic activity was seen in the sleep EEG (29%) than in the wake EEG (16%). In 3 cases more epileptic activity was found in the wake EEG. In the 5 patients showing no epileptic discharges in the wake EEG only little epileptic activity (2.06% of the total recording time) was seen in the sleep EEG. In sleep, single epileptic paroxysm and series of epileptic discharges with and without multiple spikes as well as continuous epileptic activity with multiple spikes were more often recorded. Likewise stretches of continuous generalized spikes were more frequently seen--in 9 patients--during sleep as opposed to 2 patients in the waking state. They represent--mostly at night--subclinical or clinical tonic seizures.
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PMID:[Sleep EEG in patients with myoclonic-astatic seizures (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome)]. 641 46

Sleep is a modulator of seizure activity, and many antiepileptic drugs are modulators of sleep. Can influences on sleep organization be involved in antiepileptic drug action, and can these partly account for differences in drug response of various epileptic syndromes? Much more exact data must be collected before these questions can be adequately discussed. The polygraphic sleep of 40 unmedicated epileptic patients was recorded and compared with polygraphy after adjustment to therapeutic steady states of phenobarbital (PB) and phenytoin (DPH) (as sequential sole agents in a crossover design with random sequence). With PB, patients fell asleep more rapidly and had fewer movements, movement arousals, and arousal awakenings, all of which could be beneficial, especially for patients with generalized epilepsy. Light sleep was increased, and REM sleep decreased. The usual sleep pattern was altered, with maximal deep sleep early and maximal REM sleep late in the night. PB seemed to have maximal effect in the first REM cycle. With DPH, sleep onset also came sooner, but light sleep was decreased and deep sleep increased, with no alteration of REM sleep. In contrast to PB, the changes in sleep organization were toward leveling the distribution of deep NREM sleep. The maximal alterations were observed in the third REM cycle. With both drugs, there were some differences in the response of generalized as opposed to focal epilepsies, and of awakening as opposed to sleep epilepsies. Thus, the early REM cycles seemed to be more modifiable by drugs in patients with generalized or awakening epilepsies than in patients with focal or sleep epilepsies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Influence of therapeutic phenobarbital and phenytoin medication on the polygraphic sleep of patients with epilepsy. 643 Jun 90

Four cases with intractable epilepsy and mental retardation (Epi + MR), four cases of mental retardation (MR), one case of mental retardation without epileptic seizures for the last several years (MR + (Epi] and two normal children were studied on their sleep pattern. Besides these, two cases of epilepsy (Epi) were examined. Awake time increased in the Epi + MR group. Slow wave sleep decreased markedly in the Epi + MR group. REM sleep decreased in the MR + (Epi) and Epi + MR groups. REM density was lowered in the following order: normal----Epi----MR----Epi + MR groups. The difference of sleep pattern among the normal, Epi and MR groups was not exhibited clearly, but severe sleep disturbances were shown in the Epi + MR group, implicating the severe brain dysfunction in the cortex and the brain stem.
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PMID:Sleep pattern in children with intractable epilepsy and mental retardation. 654 13

A new hypothesis is offered regarding the pathomechanism of generalized epilepsy with spike-wave paroxysms (GESw) based on the pertaining literature and personal investigations. The first section is devoted to a critical overview of the development of theories regarding GESw. The centrencephalic theory, the debate on subcortical versus cortical origin, the "corticoreticular" hypothesis of Gloor and, finally, the "dyshormic" concept of Niedermeyer are outlined. In the next section it is shown that there is a particular optimum zone between sleep and wakefulness and between REM and slow wave sleep which highly favours the occurrence of spike-wave paroxysms. According to our investigations into the dynamics within this critical zone, the spike-wave paroxysms always appear with characteristic fluctuations of the level of consciousness where the changes towards awakening are always followed by rebounds towards sleep. Hence, the dynamic properties of this unstable border zone become especially interesting in the genesis of spike-wave paroxysms. It has been shown that even without epilepsy, a dynamics can be observed in the micro-oscillations in the depth of sleep which could be interpreted according to the reciprocal induction regulation model. In our concept the process of falling asleep emerges from rebounds of the sleep promoting system in response to sensory inputs streaming in from the external environment. According to this model, arousal influences in sleep have a sleep promoting effect. We interpret in this way all synchronized EEG reactions elicited by sensory stimuli and we consider K-complex type synchronization reactions as a "building stone" of the process of falling asleep which contains the whole process in concentrated form. The manifold similarities between the K-complex and the spike-wave pattern are demonstrated. On this basis spike-wave paroxysms can be regarded as an epileptic "caricature" of the sleep induction momentum reflected in the K-complex phenomenon. Hence, the GESw is the epileptic disorder of the sleep promotion function. This hypothesis resolves and explains many contradictory features of our knowledge about this mechanism and gives a new biologically oriented framework for further research. In the light of the hypothesis it has been attempted to interpret some of the characteristic features of the GESw: the genetic determination, the age dependency, the link with the sleep-waking cycle as well as the functional-anatomical characteristics and the symptoms of the seizures.
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PMID:Generalized epilepsy with spike-wave paroxysms as an epileptic disorder of the function of sleep promotion. 679 61

The electro-clinical features of neonatal seizures were described. Although they were usually secondary to the underlying pathological process, there were a few cases of benign familial convulsions which seemed to be dominantly inherited. In the new born, clinical seizures occurred mainly in active-REM sleep in contrast to those in the older children and adults. Atypical seizures were also seen in young infants, although less frequently than in the newborn. There were a considerable number of epilepsies beginning in the first year of life associated with a favorable prognosis. Unclassified epilepsies manifesting as brief generalized motor seizures with normal interictal EEGs showed the most favorable outlook, while infantile spasms and other secondary generalized epilepsies had the worst outcome. Partial seizures were intermediate between the above two.
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PMID:Seizures in the newborn and young infants. 679 69

Development of amygdaloid kindling was analyzed during REM sleep and during wakefulness. Daily evolution of electrographic and behavioral changes was significantly delayed in REM kindled rats. The number of kindling trials required to reach the first generalized convulsive seizure was also significantly increased in comparison with awake kindled animals. Changes in sleep organization were measured under REM kindling conditions. A significant increase in total sleep time and in the percentage of light slow-wave sleep was found during the kindling process. No significant sleep changes were observed in REM-established kindling. REM inhibitory influence over epileptogenesis is discussed.
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PMID:Amygdaloid kindling during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in cats. 709 88

Of 901 patients investigated 167 showed a focal disturbance in the EEG before and/or after 24-hours sleep deprivation. 459 patients suffered from epileptic seizures, the remainder had non-epileptic attacks or an organic cerebral disease without seizures. Of the 167 focal EEG changes 21.6% were seen only following sleep deprivation. In 9.6% focal changes present before could not be observed anymore following sleep deprivation. There was no significant difference between the three groups of patients mentioned above. The 24-hours sleep deprivation thus represents an activation procedure which may enhance diagnostic information relating to the question of focal EEG disturbances not only in epileptic patients. In the group of patients with epileptic seizures the activation or suppression respectively of the focal disturbance showed some dependence from seizure type and frequency as well as from the type of the focal change (spikes or slow waves). In our material the differences were however not statistically significant. More information could be gained from the waking EEG and from stage 1 than from sleeping stages 2 to 4 according to Rechtschaffen and Kales. Trigger functions could be attributed especially to the transitional phases from wakefulness to sleep and from stage 1 to stage 2 and vice versa particularly associated with arousal reactions. In our short sleep records REM stages could be rarely observed.
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PMID:[Sleep deprivation as activating procedure in EEG of patients with and without epileptic seizures. II. Focal discharges ]. 712 67


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