Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
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Patients with hypomagnesemia suffer from a wide range of symptoms including muscle cramps, cardiac arrhythmias and epilepsy. Disturbances in body Mg(2+) homeostasis can often be attributed to increased Mg(2+) excretion by the kidney. Within the kidney, the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) segment determines the final Mg(2+) excretion, since no reabsorption takes place beyond this segment of the nephron. On 21(st) of January 2015, Jeroen de Baaij defended his thesis "The Distal Convoluted Tubule: the Art of Magnesium Transport", in which he aimed to identify new genes involved in Mg(2+) reabsorption in the DCT. This review summarizes the main findings of his graduate research. TRPM6 mediates apical Mg(2+) entry into the DCT cell and is highly regulated by EGF, insulin and pH. ATP and flavagline compounds have been characterized as new regulators of TRPM6 activity, providing novel pathways to target Mg(2+) disturbances. Using isolated primary DCT cells from mice, PCBD1 was identified as a new transcriptional regulator of Mg(2+) transport in the DCT. Indeed, patients with PCBD1 mutations were shown to suffer hypomagnesemia and MODY5-like diabetes. Subsequently, the work presented in the thesis focused on the elucidation of the basolateral Mg(2+) extrusion of the DCT cell. In vivo studies using SLC41A3-knockout mice suggest that SLC41A3 may act as Mg(2+) extrusion mechanism. CNNM2 has long been hypothesized to transport Mg(2+) at the basolateral membrane of the DCT. However, by determining the protein topology and homology modeling of the CBS domains, it was argued that CNNM2 is rather an Mg(2+)-sensing mechanism. Follow-up studies using (25)Mg(2+) isotopes showed that CNNM2 increases Mg(2+) uptake when overexpressed in HEK293 cells. Additionally, by knocking down cnnm2 in zebrafish, CNNM2 was demonstrated to be essential for brain development and Mg(2+) homeostasis. Mutations in CNNM2 were shown to cause hypomagnesemia, seizures and intellectual disability. Altogether, this thesis established the importance of Mg(2+) reabsorption in the DCT to health and disease. Combined, continued efforts of clinicians, geneticists, and researchers are necessary to improve the care of hypomagnesemic patients and increase our understanding of Mg(2+) reabsorption in the DCT.
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PMID:The art of magnesium transport. 2644 63

Magnesium is essential to the proper functioning of numerous cellular processes. Magnesium ion (Mg2+) deficits, as reflected in hypomagnesemia, can cause neuromuscular irritability, seizures and cardiac arrhythmias. With normal Mg2+ intake, homeostasis is maintained primarily through the regulated reabsorption of Mg2+ by the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Inadequate reabsorption results in renal Mg2+ wasting, as evidenced by an inappropriately high fractional Mg2+ excretion. Familial renal Mg2+ wasting is suggestive of a genetic cause, and subsequent studies in these hypomagnesemic families have revealed over a dozen genes directly or indirectly involved in Mg2+ transport. Those can be classified into four groups: hypercalciuric hypomagnesemias (encompassing mutations in CLDN16, CLDN19, CASR, CLCNKB), Gitelman-like hypomagnesemias (CLCNKB, SLC12A3, BSND, KCNJ10, FYXD2, HNF1B, PCBD1), mitochondrial hypomagnesemias (SARS2, MT-TI, Kearns-Sayre syndrome) and other hypomagnesemias (TRPM6, CNMM2, EGF, EGFR, KCNA1, FAM111A). Although identification of these genes has not yet changed treatment, which remains Mg2+ supplementation, it has contributed enormously to our understanding of Mg2+ transport and renal function. In this review, we discuss general mechanisms and symptoms of genetic causes of hypomagnesemia as well as the specific molecular mechanisms and clinical phenotypes associated with each syndrome.
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PMID:Genetic causes of hypomagnesemia, a clinical overview. 2723 11