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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a time-distribution study, the anticonvulsant effects of four benzodiazepine compounds were compared with those of three standard antiepileptics against metrazol-induced seizures in mice and rats. Ethosuximide and trimethadione had the shortest duration of action in mice, but protected the rats up to 6 hr. Phenobarbitone, diazepam, flurazepam and nitrazepam protected the mice up to 12 hr, but the rats were effectively protected only up to 3-4 hr. Clonazepam, the most potent and effective agent, protected the mice from clonic-tonic seizures up to 18-20 hr and the rats up to 6-7 hr. Comparison of the PD50 from clonic seizure at the peak-effect hours revealed that the benzodiazepines were 16 to 96 times more potent than phenobarbitone on a molar basis, while phenobarbitone itself was 12 to 26 times more potent than ethosuximide and trimethadione. Tonic seizures and mortality were largely suppressed by all drugs until 18-20 hr in mice and 6-7 hr in rats. Seizure latency and mortality patterns varied from drug to drug but not in a dose-dependent manner.
Med Biol 1977 Dec
PMID:The temporal dimensions of anticonvulsant action of some newer benzodiazepines against metrazol induced seizures in mice and rats. 59 70

Electroencephalographic activity of the frontal cortex, cerebellar vermis, and superior vestibular nucleus was recorded in awake rats during the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) by means of permanently implanted electrodes. Power-spectrum analysis revealed a decline in the faster frequencies and an increase in the slow frequences as the seizure end-point was approached. Effects of compression to 4500 fsw varied from severe tremor and myoclonic jerks to status epilepticus, with seizures occurring at an average depth of 3560 fsw. In all animals, multifocal-spiking activity progressed in severity with increasing depth. The predominant seizure pattern observed was a spike and slow-wave pattern reminiscent of absence seizures. Initial evidence of generalized seizure activity was equally divided between the cerebellum and cortex. It is concluded that the cerebellum participates in HPNS seizures. Possible evolution of the syndrome by loss of Purkinje cell inhibitory influence on subcortical sites that modulate cortical excitability is discussed.
Undersea Biomed Res 1977 Dec
PMID:Cerebellar and cerebral electroencephalogram during the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) in rats. 60 10

Tuberous sclerosis is characterized by epilepsy, mental retardation and adenoma sebaceum. Seizures and mental retardation were the presenting complaints in the nine cases presented here; however, a variety of clinical manifestations of the disease exist. Early diagnosis facilitates genetic counseling.
Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1978 Dec
PMID:Tuberous sclerosis. Report of nine cases and a review. 71 85

Evidence is presented suggesting that potent water-insoluble antipentylenetetrazol agents triturated in porcelain mortars and pestles are not removed from this mixing device by the usual laboratory washing procedure. Moreover, amounts sufficient to contaminate the next substance triturated in this vessel can be demonstrated by the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold test. The data show that a rigorous washing routine must be followed to achieve a "clean" mortar and pestle. Attention is also directed to the importance of using disposable hypodermic syringes, test tubes, etc., whenever possible and of designing an internal control test to determine when implements that must be reused are "clean."
J Pharm Sci 1978 Dec
PMID:Drug contamination of mortars and pestles. 72 98

A 57-year-old man, previously well except for dental caries and a history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, presented with marching right-sided motor seizures of sudden onset. Cerebral arteriography and scan demonstrated an avascular left frontal lobe mass. At operation, it was identified as an abscess and was totally excised. Histologically, granules resembling those seen in actinomycosis were demonstrated in the abscess wall, but special stains revealed gram-positive cocci in chains within and outside the granules. Fungal spores, mycelia, or branching filamentous structures were absent. Acid-fast stains were negative, and alpha-hemolytic streptococcus was recovered in pure culture from the abscess. While the patient was convalescing with penicillin therapy, a dental survey revealed the presence of periodontal abscesses which were drained by exodontia. Culture of the tooth sockets showed alpha-hemolytic streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. The literature on this relatively rare bacterial disease which histologically resembles actinomycosis is reviewed.
South Med J 1978 Dec
PMID:Botryomycosis: first report of human brain involvement. 72 32

We examined CSF copper and zinc concentrations in 30 children with acute febrile illness and meningism (control group) and in 37 patients with shortlasting seizures, febrile or not, and acute viral meningitis. The trace elements were quantitatively measured by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 1. It was shown that the concentrations of copper and zinc in CSF remain constant during childhood.--2. No increase could be found in the concentrations of copper and zinc in CSF caused by the neurological diseases of our patients. These data suggest that permanent cerebral lesions as a consequence of shortlasting seizures and viral meningitis would be very unlikely and that a transient dysfunction of metabolism does not liberate copper- and zinc-metallo-proteins in CSF. 3. There was no correlation between the protein concentration in CSF and copper and zinc concentrations in CSF.
Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1978 Dec
PMID:[Copper and zinc in cerebrospinal fluid of children with neurological diseases (author's transl)]. 73 23

Actinomycosis of the central nervous system is rare. There has been considerable discussion as to whether it can be primary, but several cases have been reported occasionally. Authors presented a case of cerebral actinomycosis involving primarily the right frontal lobe through an obsolete stick wound. Patient is a 18-year-old man and when he was 8 years of age, he received right frontal penetrating injury due to fall on wire about 3 mm in diameter. Wound had healed sustaining any abnormal effect to note. Eleven years later, he was admitted to our institution because seizure attack characterized by automatism, and plain skull X-ray showed intracranial frontal calcification. EEG, angiography, RI scan and CT scan were performed. At operation, a granuloma was found and total removal was performed. The histological examination showed actinomycotic brain absess. Patient was treated with antibiotics and he returned to the previous occupation. Primary actinomycosis of the central nervous system was discussed with previously reported cases in the literature.
No Shinkei Geka 1978 Dec
PMID:[Actinomycotic brain abscess -case report- (author's transl)]. 73 40

The possible role of systemic physiological changes (occurring secondarily during status epilepticus) in the causation of epileptic brain damage has been evaluated in rats. Animals were anaesthetized, paralysed and mechanically ventilated; sustained electrocortical seizure discharges were induced by the intravenous injection of bicuculline, 1.2 mg/kg. After two hours of seizure activity brains were fixed by perfusion for histology. Physiological variables were maintained within certain limits from the end of the initial seizure phase (approximate duration twenty minutes) until two hours after onset of seizure to provide six groups: (1) Standard: mean arterial pressure above 120 mmHg, no hypoxia or hypoglycaemia, rectal temperature close to 37 degrees C. (2) Moderate Hypotension: mean arterial pressure at 70-75 mmHg. (3) Severe Hypotension: mean arterial pressure at 50 mmHg. (4) Hypoxia: arterial oxygen tension at 50 mmHg. (5) Hypoglycaemia: non-fed animals, with blood glucose close to 3.0 mumol/g. (6) Hyperthermia: rectal temperature at 40 degrees C. Microvacuolation and ischaemic cell change were identified by light microscopy in scattered neurons in the cortex (principally in the outer layers) in animals in three groups (Standard, Severe Hypotension and Hyperthermia). Similar neuronal changes were seen in the hippocampus (predominantly in the h1 or Sommer sector) in the Standard and Hyperthermia Groups. It is tentatively proposed that neuronal damage in animals with unrestricted cerebral oxygen and glucose availability is due to oxidative mechanisms in cells with excessively enhanced neuronal activity and that lesions caused by failing energy production do not appear until severe degrees of hypoxia are reached.
Brain 1978 Dec
PMID:Epileptic brain damage: the role of systemic factors that modify cerebral energy metabolism. 73 25

The extension of the kindling effect to the reptilian brain is reported with two experimental groups of lizards Lacerta galloti. The first group received daily stimulation in the telencephalic cortex at a current level sufficient to produce motor responses. These motor responses occurred only when the stimulus was applied, and disappeared when it was terminated. However, the threshold for evoking these motor responses decreased in 20 days of stimulation, and the responses evolved to stimulus-bound convulsions. In the second group, the stimulus was too low to produce motor responses, but it developed afterdischarges and spontaneous recurrent electrographic seizures that increased their duration with each stimulation. Reptilia are discussed as useful experimental animals for studying the kindling phenomenon.
Epilepsia 1978 Dec
PMID:Kindling effect in the reptilian brain: motor and electrographic manifestations. 73 29

Effects of antiepileptics on both behavioral (TE) and electrographic seizure patterns induced by maximal electroshock were studied simultaneously in the same animal. The results obtained are as follows. All the antiepileptics used in this study depressed the TE seizure. Imipramine, biperiden, and lidocaine also depressed TE seizure, although they are not classified as antiepileptics. Phenobarbital, primidone, trimethadione, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, diazepam, clozapine, and imipramine had a depressant effect on electrographic seizures. However, phenytoin, ethotoin, phenacemide, and acetazolamide did not influence the electrographic seizure, in spite of having a strong effect on TE seizure. The present procedure, i.e., that of simultaneous observation of both behavioral and electrographic seizure patterns induced by maximal electroshock in the same animal, provides information which cannot be obtained from either behavior or EEG observation alone.
Epilepsia 1978 Dec
PMID:Effects of antiepileptics on both behavioral and electrographic seizure patterns induced by maximal electroshock in rats. 73 31


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