Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of hypoxia on the epileptic seizures and neuronal damages induced by kainic acid were studied in rats using hypoxic chamber equipment. Rats treated with kainic acid and placed in atmospheric pressure showed typical limbic seizures and regressive neuronal changes in CA3 and CA4 of the hippocampus, while those kept in a hypoxic chamber with 8.5% O2 and 91.5% N2 showed moderate hypoxia and a slight decline of mean arterial blood pressure. In these hypoxic rats, seizures were completely prevented and there was remarkably less regressive neuronal injury of the hippocampus. Thus hypoxia has a rather ameliorative effect on the occurrence of seizures and excitotoxic neuronal injuries induced by kainic acid. The contribution of oxygen radicals and endogenous adenosine to preventing excitotoxic neuronal damages by kainic acid was discussed.
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PMID:Hypoxia prevents seizures and neuronal damages of the hippocampus induced by kainic acid in rats. 211 52

We performed a 5-year review of 40 patients less than or equal to 30 days of age with viral pneumonia. Isolates included respiratory syncytial virus (55%), enteroviruses (15%), rhinoviruses (15%), adenoviruses (10%), parainfluenza virus (7.5%) and herpes simplex virus (5%). Most infants were previously healthy but had ill family members. Nine were born at less than 37 weeks of gestation. Symptoms and signs included tachypnea, decreased feeding, cough, cyanosis, lethargy, retractions, apnea, bradycardia, seizures and depressed consciousness. Seasonality and clinical features, but not radiographic patterns, suggested specific pathogens. Patients were moderately to severely ill. The median duration of hospitalization was 7 days; therapies administered included oxygen (90%), mechanical ventilation (45%), blood transfusions (25%) and supplemental oxygen after discharge (27%). The case fatality rate was 7.5%. Prematurity, ill appearance at presentation, lobar consolidation and adenovirus infection were risk factors for severe disease.
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PMID:Viral pneumonia in the first month of life. 217 40

We reviewed written and audio records of paramedic-base hospital radio contact to determine whether care differed from that suggested in standard prehospital care protocols. Records of all 659 contacts for seizure, syncope, abdominal pain, or altered mental state during 1987 (28.4% of all contacts) were scored for the use of standard therapies (such as intravenous access, oxygen, naloxone hydrochloride) and unanticipated therapies (intubation, nitroglycerin). Cases that involved unanticipated treatments were reviewed to determine whether they could have been prospectively identified by simple clinical findings. Standard therapies were used in the majority of patients. Unanticipated therapies were administered to 13 patients, all of whom had abnormal vital signs, diaphoresis, respiratory distress, or a second prominent symptom. Data suggest that protocols could replace radio contact for most patients and that the few who might benefit from radio contact can be easily identified. A 90% reduction in radio contacts in Los Angeles county could save $3 million each year.
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PMID:Does paramedic-base hospital contact result in beneficial deviations from standard prehospital protocols? 205 61

The pathophysiology of recurrent cyanotic episodes has been investigated in 51 infants and children. Episodes began at a median age of 7 weeks (range 1 day to 22 months, 39 at less than 4 months). They were characterised by the rapidity of onset and progression of severe hypoxaemia with early loss of consciousness from cerebral hypoxia. The most common precipitating factor was a sudden naturally occurring stimulus from pain, fear, or anger. In uncontrolled trials, cyanotic episodes were reduced in frequency and severity by tetrabenazine (n = 15) and additional inspired oxygen (n = 10). Eight patients died suddenly and unexpectedly (four during cyanotic episodes). Twenty eight patients underwent physiological studies during cyanotic episodes. There was no evidence of seizure activity at the onset and although prolonged absence of inspiratory effort with continued expiratory efforts was common, breathing sometimes continued. Episodes were not caused by upper airway obstruction and sometimes occurred during positive airway pressure ventilation. The rapidity of fall in arterial oxygen pressure and continued breathing suggested a right to left shunt of sudden onset. The results of contrast echocardiography and lung imaging studies confirmed that this was occurring within the lungs. These cyanotic episodes included both intrapulmonary shunting and prolonged expiratory apnoea. They are best explained by interactions between central sympathetic activity, brainstem control of respiration and vasomotor activity, reflexes arising from around and within the respiratory tract, and the matching of ventilation to perfusion in the lungs. They are a cause of sudden unexpected death in infancy and early childhood.
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PMID:Recurrent cyanotic episodes with severe arterial hypoxaemia and intrapulmonary shunting: a mechanism for sudden death. 202 22

The cerebral effects of sevoflurane were compared in dogs with those of enflurane and isoflurane. Initially, the minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) of sevoflurane and enflurane were determined and the electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to increasing doses of sevoflurane (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 MAC) or enflurane (1.5 and 2.0 MAC) in unparalysed animals were examined. Administration of sevoflurane was not associated with seizure activity at any concentration either during normocapnia (PaCO2 5.3 kPa) or hypocapnia (PaCO2 2.7 kPa), even in the presence of intense auditory stimuli. All dogs anaesthetized with enflurane demonstrated sustained EEG and motor evidence of seizure activity induced by auditory stimuli at concentrations of enflurane greater than 1 MAC, particularly during hypocapnia. In a separate group of dogs, the effects of increasing concentrations of sevoflurane and isoflurane (0.5, 1.5 and 2.15 MAC) were compared directly on arterial pressure, cardiac output and heart rate, cerebral blood flow and the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) using the venous outflow technique. Sevoflurane, in common with isoflurane, had minimal effects on cerebral blood flow at the concentrations studied, but significantly reduced the CMRO2 at end-tidal concentrations sufficient to produce a burst suppression pattern on the EEG (approximately 2.15 MAC). Both sevoflurane and isoflurane significantly decreased arterial pressure in a dose-dependent manner, but neither drug significantly altered cardiac output.
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PMID:Cerebral effects of sevoflurane in the dog: comparison with isoflurane and enflurane. 222 68

Seizures, hypertensive encephalopathy, transient ischemic attacks, and thrombosis of hemodialysis accesses occurred in early clinical trials with recombinant human erythropoietin. To determine if these events may be caused by the increased hematocrit value or some direct effect of the recombinant human hormone, 10 transfusion-dependent hemodialysis patients were divided into two groups of five according to their serum ferritin concentration: group A. less than 800 microgram/liter, and group B. greater than 800 micrograms/liter. After a month of placebo administration, recombinant human erythropoietin was given (150 U/kg intravenously thrice weekly) for four months and then stopped for one month. Hematocrit values were maintained at 0.33 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SD) by dose adjustment in group A and at 0.26 +/- 0.02 by thrice weekly phlebotomies in group B, who received a constant dose of erythropoietin. Viscosity increased from subnormal to normal in group A (P less than 0.02) and cerebral blood flow decreased from above normal to normal (P less than 0.02). In group B minor, statistically insignificant, changes in viscosity and reciprocal changes in cerebral blood flow also occurred. There was no change in either group in transcutaneous oxygen tension. Bleeding time decreased toward normal in both groups during recombinant human erythropoietin administration but the changes did not reach statistical significance. Fibrinogen levels were increased in all patients but remained unchanged. No other significant coagulation-related changes were observed. Recombinant erythropoietin in the dosage and schedule of administration described in this study did not lead directly or indirectly to changes likely to precipitate seizures or intravascular thrombosis.
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PMID:Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on cerebral and cutaneous blood flow and on blood coagulability. 226 76

Monoamines (catecholamines, serotonin, and metabolites) and ammonia were studied within two areas of the rat brain--the frontal cortex (FC) and the striatum (SA)--after exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) at 6 ATA up to the first seizure. An increase of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and metabolites (HVA, DOPAC) measured by the HPLC/EC method were found in SA with a parallel increase of ammonia at variance with the FC where no monoamine changes, but a slight increase of ammonia, were found. Blood ammonia did not change with HBO. So, 20 min after one HBO seizure, there are regional differences in the brain, which are consistent with the previous findings of an SA start of electrocortical abnormalities at the onset of a seizure. Elevated DA, and possibly NE, levels may contribute to the accumulation of ammonia in the brain. During prolonged HBO exposure, this rise of ammonia could be one of the mechanisms involved in the relapse of seizures. It might also be implicated in initiation of the first seizure. By their situations and contents, SA glial cells could play an important role in brain HBO susceptibility.
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PMID:Ammonia and monoamine concentrations in two brain areas in rats after one hyperoxic seizure. 230 23

By means of a questionnaire, we analyzed leisure time habits of 44 adult in-patients with active epilepsy (i.e., at least one seizure a month for the last year). Twelve patients had a generalized epilepsy and 32 a partial epilepsy. All received antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and none had additional handicaps. Despite good facilities in their surroundings for participation in social, cultural, and physical activities, most patients lived a sedentary life. Social contact was limited, and they were only half as active physically as the average Norwegian population of comparable age and sex. Work capacity was tested as maximum oxygen uptake, using the bicycle ergometer test. Maximum oxygen uptake was considerably lower (75-80%), and the decrease observed in aerobic capacity with increasing age was more pronounced than that of the average Norwegian population. In comprehensive care of patients with epilepsy, we believe that prescription of adapted physical activity is an important means of improving quality of life.
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PMID:Leisure time habits and physical fitness in adults with epilepsy. 230 16

Twenty-one adult in-patients (11 women, 10 men, aged 18-39 years) with uncontrolled epilepsy participated in a 4-week intensive physical training program, exercising for at least 45 min three times a day, 6 days a week, at an intensity of minimum 60% of maximum oxygen uptake (maximum VO2). The program induced a considerable increase in maximum VO2 (mean 19%). Beneficial psychological and social effects were also recorded. The average seizure frequency during the 4-week exercise period was compared with 2 preexercise and 2 postexercise weeks. There was no significant difference, but there was considerable variation among patients. Only six patients had seizures during exercise. The occurrence had no relation to seizure type, mode of activity, or pulse rate. We conclude that physical activity does not represent an important seizure-inducing factor in general, and that in most people with epilepsy physical training appears to have a favorable influence. The exact mechanism behind this influence is not known, but physiologic as well as psychological and social effects may be of importance. Physical training did not change the serum levels of the antiepileptic drugs to a clinically important degree.
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PMID:Effect of physical training on aerobic capacity, seizure occurrence, and serum level of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. 230 17

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is known to produce increases in heart rate and blood pressure during seizure activity due to sympathetic stimulation and systemic catecholamine surges. These intense, brief hemodynamic changes can adversely affect myocardial oxygen supply and demand. In patients with compromised myocardial circulation, ECT can unmask undiagnosed cardiac disease. In this case report, ECT was performed on a 64-year-old white male with negative cardiac history. The patient awakened complaining of chest pain and ST wave depression was noted on the electrocardiogram. Cardiology consultation and cardiac catheterization were followed by coronary artery bypass surgery for significant coronary artery stenosis prior to resumption of ECT treatments. The physiological changes that occur during ECT are discussed, as well as pitfalls in evaluation of these patients for ECT treatment.
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PMID:Electroconvulsive therapy--induced hemodynamic changes unmask unsuspected coronary artery disease. 231 May 79


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