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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The behavioral effects of amygdala kindling, a model of experimental epilepsy in rats, are reported. The animals were stimulated twice a day until stage 5 (generalized clonic) seizures were obtained three times. Two weeks later the performance of the amygdala-kindled and sham-operated rats was tested in the open-field test, on the elevated plus maze, elevated bridges, and in the Morris water maze. The results show that amygdala kindling decreased exploratory and other motor activity in the open-field test, had anxiogenic effects on the elevated plus-maze, decreased boldness on the elevated bridges, but had a negligible affect in the spatial memory task. These results suggest that amygdala kindling affects the normal fear reaction of rats, a response that is known to be mediated through the amygdaloid pathways.
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PMID:Amygdala kindling increased fear-response, but did not impair spatial memory in rats. 159 84

Hypovolemic hyponatremia attributable to severe fluid and electrolyte alterations was diagnosed in a foal with diarrhea. Subsequent consumption of water resulted in rapid reduction of serum sodium concentration and serum osmolar depression. Clinical signs of neurologic disease developed including blindness, loss of menace response, and seizures. Treatment of this condition with IV administered fluids included hypertonic saline solution (7.2%; 2 ml/kg of body weight), and frequent monitoring of serum electrolyte concentrations and osmolality resulted in gradual correction of the fluid and electrolyte imbalance and resolution of the neurologic signs. Hyponatremia has been recognized in foals with renal failure, ruptured urinary bladder, and iatrogenic water overload. The key to diagnosis and management of profound hyponatremia is accurate diagnosis of the status of plasma volume and association of the electrolyte imbalance with clinical signs of neurologic disease. This report describes an unusual complication of a commonly encountered problem in equine practice and documents that the severe metabolic and electrolyte abnormalities associated with diarrhea can result in clinical neurologic disease. The differential diagnosis also should include bacterial sepsis, parasitism, thoracic mass, acute renal failure, congenital neurologic deficit, or seizure syndrome. Serum electrolyte disorders should be considered as a potential cause of signs of neurologic disease in foals with diarrhea.
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PMID:Hypovolemic hyponatremia and signs of neurologic disease associated with diarrhea in a foal. 160 18

Methods of in vivo body fat estimation are based on simple assumptions about body composition which work reasonably well for men, while estimations in women have been largely extrapolated from the male studies so that women are treated as men with just more of the same fat. Compared to men, fat regulation in women is considerably more elaborate, with more and different sites for storage and a larger proportion of fat distributed to the extremities and in subcutaneous locations. Thus, a ratio of waist-to-hips girth which reflects increasing fatness in men only specifies 2 different extremes of a broader spectrum of possibilities for fat distribution in women. This complicates anthropometric prediction of total fatness and clearly limits the generalisability of any female equations. Anthropometric methods are further confounded by difficulties in the criterion methods against which they are developed. For example, the validity of assumptions about the fractional contributions of bone mineral and body water to fat-free mass and density may not hold through the reproductive cycles. Women athletes involved in weight-bearing or strength training may increase bone mineral content above average values but if they become amenorrhoeic, bone mineral density may fall significantly below average values. Fit premenopausal women distribute fat differently and have a higher bone mineral content than unfit postmenopausal women. Genetic factors which also affect criterion method assumptions in men are superimposed on these additional complications in women. Body fat in female athletes extends across almost the entire range of female fatness, with some of the lowest measurements in distance runners and body builders which fall into the normal male range, but also with some relatively high values in swimmers and strength athletes, which would classify these women as obese by male standards. Thus, total body fat reflects a more complex regulation and has a different meaning to health and performance in women than it does for men. Predictive equations for women athletes should be developed with a view to the specific group and ultimate purpose to which they will be applied.
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PMID:Body fat assessment in women. Special considerations. 161 53

Midazolam (Versed), the first water-soluble benzodiazepine, has had widespread acceptance as a parenteral anxiolitic agent. Its antiepileptic properties were studied in adult patients with good results. Midazolam was administered intramuscularly to 48 children, ages 4 months to 14 years, with 69 epileptic episodes of various types. In all but 5 epileptic episodes, seizures stopped 1-10 min after injection. These results suggest that midazolam administered intramuscularly may be useful in a variety of epileptic seizures during childhood, specifically when attempts to introduce an intravenous line in convulsing children are unsuccessful.
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PMID:Midazolam in treatment of epileptic seizures. 162 19

The clinical and EEG features of 10 patients with hot water epilepsy were presented. Eight of the 10 cases were male. The mean age of onset was 4.7 years. In four patients partial and in six cases generalized seizures were seen. Three patients also had non-hot water precipitated seizures. Interictal EEGs showed generalized abnormalities in eight and focal abnormalities in two cases. CT was performed and found normal in two patients. Anticonvulsant therapy was instituted for all patients. In six cases with adequate follow-up, complete remission was obtained in four and the frequency of the seizures was decreased in two, with anticonvulsant therapy.
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PMID:Hot water epilepsy. 162 9

This is a report of an infant with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA-lyase deficiency. During infancy vomiting and feeding difficulties had been found repeatedly. Nutrition consisted in a mixture of one third of milk diluted with two thirds of water. Shortly before admission a change to whole milk had taken place. The one year old girl was admitted to the hospital because of vomiting and diarrhoea. Liver was enlarged and consciousness reduced. There was acidosis, hypoglycemia and an elevation of the transaminases. The typical pattern of organic acids in urine and dicarboxylic aciduria was pathognomonic. The diagnosis was proved by a deficiency of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA-lyase in fibroblasts. A protein and fat restricted diet, but also carnitine supplement was introduced. With the exception of severe hypoglycemia seizures on one morning the more than 2 1/2 year old girl is developed normally. It is of importance for future to avoid hypoglycemia after fasting, infections diseases or stress. The possible impairment of pancreatic function even in a normal clinical condition with normal values of transaminases is especially pointed out.
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PMID:[3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaraturia. Clinical aspects, follow-up and therapy in a young child]. 169 26

A young woman with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy began to have generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCs) at age 13. Subsequently, she had myoclonic seizures, which were often precipitated by visual stimulation, tended to occur in the morning, and sometimes evolved into GTCs. Valproate (VPA) resulted in a worsening of latent AIP, and treatment with a combination of phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), and clonazepam (CZP) led to severe neuropathy of AIP and an electrolyte imbalance. These conditions were improved by water restriction, infusion of high doses of carbohydrates, and discontinuation of all antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) except for CZP. CZP appeared to be effective both in improving GTCs and myoclonic seizures and did not induce any symptoms of AIP. CZP may be porphyrogenic but can be used safely at a low dose for treatment of epilepsy in patients with AIP.
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PMID:Acute intermittent porphyria and epilepsy: safety of clonazepam. 173 41

Two cases of lithium toxicity are reported on in dogs having had lithium hypochlorite chlorinated water as their sole source of drinking water. Clinical signs in one dog included polyuria, polydipsia, loss of body mass; dehydration, diarrhoea and general weakness and in the other case, polyuria, polydipsia, loss of body mass and seizures. Withdrawal of the water resulted in complete recovery.
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PMID:Lithium toxicity in two dogs. 177 Apr 85

Expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos is known to increase in rat brain following various types of seizures. Measuring c-fos mRNA or protein levels was shown to be a good cellular marker for neurons activated during central nervous system (CNS) excitation. In this study, we used in situ hybridization analysis of c-fos mRNA to determine brain regions activated by a peptide that has been closely linked to stress responsivity and kindling-like seizure activity. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) was injected into the left lateral ventricle of rats and produced the late onset of seizures between 1.5-5 h after its administration. Rats were sacrificed at various time points after the administration of CRH or sterile water, and c-fos mRNA levels were determined. In the preseizure state, CRH increased c-fos unilaterally in several cerebral cortical structures (most prominently in the dorsal endopiriform nucleus and in the piriform and insular cortices). CRH-induced seizures increased c-fos bilaterally in the same cortical regions, and in addition, in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb. The data are congruous with the hypothesis that intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered CRH elicits a rapid kindling-like response.
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PMID:Expression of c-fos mRNA in rat brain after intracerebroventricular administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone. 178 25

Appearances of pentetrazole-, picrotoxin- and strychnine-induced convulsive seizures in taurine-deficient mice produced by treatment with guanidinoethyl sulfonate (GES), a taurine transport antagonist, were investigated. Mice were fed a taurine-free diet and water containing 1% GES from 2 weeks of pregnancy to weaning. The same feeding condition was applied to male offsprings from 3 weeks of age. At 5 weeks of age, convulsants were administered to some mice and the others were sacrificed for determination of brain amino acids concentrations. The incidences of both seizure and death for strychnine and death for picrotoxin were enhanced by treatment with GES, whereas the latency of pentetrazole-induced tonic extensor was prolonged. Significant decrease of brain taurine, asparaginic acid and GABA concentrations were observed in mice treated with GES. These results suggest that convulsive seizures caused by disinhibition of taurine and GABA system are enhanced by deficiency of brain taurine level.
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PMID:[Drug-induced seizures in taurine-deficient mice]. 179 96


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