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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Male mice (25-30 g) were injected (ip) with either 0, 3.5 X 10(-6), 17.5 X 10(-6), or 26.25 X 10(-6) mol/kg of either tricyclohexyltin bromide (TCT) or triphenyltin acetate (TPhT) in a corn-oil vehicle. The mice were tested for maximal electroshock seizure (MES) at 0.5, 4, 24, and 96 h following exposure to the organotin compounds, and the durations of seizure phases were measured and used to assess seizure severity. No significant changes in seizure-grade distribution, as compared to controls, were observed in any of the TCT- or TPhT-treated groups at any of the time points examined. No significant changes in the duration of seizure phases, as compared to controls, were observed in animals dose with 3.5 X 10(-6) mol/kg of TCT or TPhT at any of the time points evaluated. At 0.5 h following exposure, the mice dosed with the two higher levels of TCT or TPhT exhibited increases in MES severity. At 4 and 24 h following exposures, the mice exposed to the two higher dose levels of TPhT exhibited decreases in MES severity, followed by a recovery of normal seizure severity at 96 h. Conversely, the animals dosed with the higher dose levels of TCT exhibited at increased MES severity at 4, 24, and 96 h following exposure. These results, in combination with those in the preceeding paper (Doctor and Fox, 1982), reveal that at equimolar doses TCT And TPhT possess a different spectrum of action than the tri-n-alkyltins.
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PMID:Effects of organotin compounds on maximal electroshock seizure (MES) responsiveness in mice. II. Tricyclohexyltin and triphenyltin. 713 89

Eight halogenated derivatives of cannabinol (CBN) substituted on the aromatic ring at the 2 and/or 4 position were synthesized and their pharmacological effects were evaluated by intracerebroventricular injection (50 micrograms/mouse) in mice, using hypothermia, pentobarbital-induced sleep prolongation, catalepsy and anticonvulsant effect as indices. The hypothermic effects of monohalogenated derivatives of CBN were comparable to that of CBN, whereas the effects of dihalogenated derivatives of CBN except for the fluorinated derivative were attenuated. In the interaction with pentobarbital, two monochlorinated derivatives exhibited a significant prolongation of sleeping time, although other derivatives did not significantly affect the sleeping time. The cataleptogenic effects of monofluoro- and 4-bromo-CBN were stronger than that of CBN. 4-Bromo-CBN exhibited a significant prolongation of seizure latency induced by pentylenetetrazol. These data suggest that halogenation of CBN modifies the pharmacological profile of the cannabinoid.
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PMID:Synthesis and pharmacological effects in mice of halogenated cannabinol derivatives. 772 37

The use of diazepam per rectum (RDZ) in the home to control generalized cluster seizures in 11 dogs diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy was evaluated over a 16-month period. All dogs had a prior history of clusters of generalized seizures and were treated with multiple antiepileptic drugs. Owners were instructed to administer diazepam injectable solution (5 mg/mL) per rectum to their dogs at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg when an initial generalized seizure occurred and when a second or third generalized seizure occurred within 24 hours of the first seizure. Seizure activity was recorded by owners in a daily log before the onset of RDZ use and for the duration of RDZ use, which ranged from 57 to 464 days (median = 157 days). The median age at which the first seizure occurred and the median age at the time of enrollment in the study were 19 and 42 months, respectively. All 11 dogs were treated with phenobarbital, with 10 dogs receiving concomitant bromide therapy. No significant correlation between the duration of the first, second, or third antiepileptic drug therapy and the change in the number of cluster seizure events before or after use of RDZ was found. Comparisons of seizure activity were done for the same time interval before and after the onset of RDZ availability. A significant decrease in the total number of seizure events and the total number of cluster seizures events was found after RDZ availability. Similarly, a significant difference in the average number of seizures per cluster seizure event and the total number of isolated seizure events occurred before and after RDZ therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The use of diazepam per rectum at home for the acute management of cluster seizures in dogs. 776 Mar 12

All of the established antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can produce cognitive side effects, which are increased with polypharmacy and with increasing dosage and anticonvulsant blood levels. However, cognitive side effects are usually modest for AED monotherapy with anticonvulsant blood levels within the standard therapeutic ranges. Further, these effects are offset in part by reduced seizure activity. Controversy exists regarding possible differential cognitive effects of AEDs. A large portion of the literature examining the comparative cognitive effects of AEDs is limited by inadequate study designs. When these design flaws are considered, there is no convincing evidence of clinically significant differences in cognitive side effects of AEDs except possibly for bromide, phenobarbital and benzodiazepines. The role of cognitive side effects should be kept in proper perspective when choosing AED therapy. The cognitive side effects of anticonvulsant drugs may be overt but many times are rather subtle. It is important though to be able to recognize these effects and to put them into perspective as to how they affect our patients.
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PMID:Cognitive side effects of antiepileptic drugs. 800 Sep 68

Hypercalcemic crisis due to hyperparathyroidism which is resistant to medical treatment, is a rare clinical condition which requires prompt surgical intervention. This 78 year-old woman was hospitalized because of hypercalcemic crisis. Conservative treatment including hemodialysis was not successful. A progressive mental disorder was noted. The maximum preoperative calcium value was 18.5 mg.dl-1, and an emergency surgery was scheduled. Anesthetic management for the hypercalcemic state includes (1) good hydration, (2) protection of the cardiac function, and (3) consideration of specific pathological features like renal failure. Balanced anesthesia with analgesics, vecuronium bromide and calcium blocker (diltiazem 0.5 microgram.kg-1.min-1) had been advocated to maintain the stable circulatory state. Postoperatively, this patient went into hypocalcemic seizures and treatment was necessary for a long period of time.
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PMID:[An emergency operation for a patient in hypercalcemic crisis--a case report]. 801 71

The clinical symptoms of most types of epileptic seizures were already described in 1770 by Tissot. During the first half of the 19th century, his teaching was further developed and the nomenclature of epilepsy enriched. Rolando's description of the cortical convolutions as well as Bouchet's and Cazauvielh's observation of anatomical changes in the Ammon's horn of epileptic patients with psychical disturbances have prepared the way for the discovery of the role of local brain pathology as the cause of partial seizures. During the second half of the 19th century, Fritsch, Hitzig and Ferrier, by means of animal experiments, and Jackson, by means of clinical observation, discovered the motor function of the precentral cortex and that its irritation results in contralateral seizures. Independent of each other, Jackson and Sommer recognized that the initiation of what we nowadays call psychomotor or complex partial seizures lies within the limbic system. Caton's method of investigation brain currents in animal experiments, described in 1875, make possible in the 20th century to confirm Jackson's theory of epileptic seizures as sudden excessive discharges of the grey matter of the brain. Further advances of 19th century epileptology include: the etiological reclassification of epilepsies by Delasiauve, the first effective pharmacological (Bromide) and surgical therapies for epilepsy, the publication of classic textbooks on epilepsy by Gowers and Herpin as well as the setting up of specialized treatment centres for epilepsy.
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PMID:[The heyday of epileptology]. 819 Nov 88

In an effort to detect active renal tubular dysfunction in 74 epileptic patients being treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), we measured the urinary activity of two lysosomal enzymes, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) and beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). The heterogeneity of the types of seizures and therapeutic regimens permitted us to examine the potential differences in AED effects. We also examined the chronological changes in the urinary excretion rates of NAG and beta-gal in 132 healthy controls, aged 3 months to 37 years. Increased NAG excretion rates (defined as > or = 2 S.D. compared with age-matched controls) were found in 36.5% of the patients. Valproic acid was highly associated with this increase, and in combination with potassium bromide caused the highest levels of NAG excretion. Among the patients taking carbamazepine, only 11.1% exhibited high levels of NAG in urine. Children under 1 year of age showed higher levels of NAG excretion than older patients. In spite of the abnormally high urinary excretion of NAG, we could not detect any signs of renal dysfunction by urinalysis and measurement of blood urea nitrogen and serum electrolytes. We cannot exclude the possibility that the increased levels of urinary NAG in epileptic patients might be due to renal tubular enzyme induction by AEDs.
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PMID:Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase by patients with epilepsy. 821 37

On a retrospective basis, the response to adding chronic oral bromide (BR) to phenobarbital (PB) administration in 23 refractory canine idiopathic epileptics between 1986 and 1991 was studied. The mean age for an observed first seizure was 24 months (range 7 to 72) for all dogs. Thirteen (57%) dogs were males with no breed predisposition observed. All dogs were diagnosed as having idiopathic epilepsy based on normal metabolic and neurologic diagnostic evaluations. Dogs were evaluated before BR therapy for a mean time of 22 months (range 5 to 75 months). Seventeen dogs (74%) received multiple antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) before BR therapy. All animals were maintained on PB at least 4 months before the onset of BR therapy, with a mean trough serum concentration of 37.8 mcg/mL and no improvement in seizure severity or recurrence. Twelve dogs presented with generalized isolated seizures and 11 with generalized cluster seizures (two or more seizures within 24 hours) as their first seizure. The effects of BR therapy were evaluated for a mean time of 15 months (range 4 to 33), with 17 dogs (74%) followed for 12 or more months. The mean BR serum concentration for the 0 to 4 months time period was 117 mg/dL compared with 161 mg/dL for the greater than 4 months period. Overall, response to BR therapy was associated with a reduction in the total number of seizures in 83% of the dogs when compared with their respective pre-BR period. For those followed for 1 year after BR, there was a 53% reduction in the number of seizures compared with the previous 12 months. Furthermore, owners reported a decrease in seizure intensity (65% of dogs) and change to a less severe seizure type (22% of dogs) in those dogs that continued to have seizures. Seizure-free status was obtained in 26% of the dogs with protection continuing up to 31 months in one dog. No correlations could be determined between response to BR and either age of onset of the first seizure or interval from the first AED therapy to BR therapy. Adverse effects of concomitant BR and PB therapy were polydipsia (56% of dogs), polyphagia (30% of dogs), excessive sedation (30% of dogs), and generalized ataxia (17% of dogs). As a result of BR treatment, the PB dosage was reduced in eight dogs (35%). In conclusion, concomitant BR and PB was well tolerated in dogs of this study and was effective in treating refractory canine idiopathic epilepsy, regardless of prior interval of seizure activity or previous treatment.
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PMID:Bromide therapy in refractory canine idiopathic epilepsy. 826 51

William P. Spratling made important contributions to American epileptology at the beginning of this century. He was the first medical superintendent of Craig Colony for Epileptics from 1893 to 1908, cofounder and president of the National Association for the Study of Epilepsy, and first editor of its scholarly journal, Transactions. During his tenure at Craig Colony, Spratling established standards for safe and humane public care of epileptics. He started the first American residency training program emphasizing epileptology. Spratling conducted the first American multicenter research on the causes of death in epilepsy. The dosage of bromide therapy, which he empirically determined, remains correct. In his book Epilepsy and Its Treatment, Spratling substantiated the cortical origin theory of epilepsy developed by Jackson and Gowers. He was the first American to postulate and investigate a biochemical etiology of generalized seizures in the absence of anatomic lesions. Despite signal accomplishments, his untimely, tragic death may explain why he remains obscure.
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PMID:The importance of Spratling. 827 14

During the past two decades, Bromides have undergone a renaissance as anticonvulsants. In this paper 6 indications for a modern bromide therapy are proposed. Guidelines referring to the concrete application of the drug, proposals concerning the dosage and any side effects are described. The present paper recalls the history of the first objectively effective treatment for confirmed epileptic syndromes and/or problems in the course of standard therapy (provocation of seizures, side effects, problematic interactions).
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PMID:[Anticonvulsant bromide therapy once and today]. 827 14


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