Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An 8-year-old boy with a convulsive disorder for 3 1/2 years remined seizure free for 20 months while being treated with phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) sodium, and then he had a relapse. He first demonstrated hypoglycemia when he fasted prior to being placed on a ketogenic diet. An oral glucose tolerance test indicated fasting and postglucose hypoglycemia and substantial hyperinsulinemia. Somatostatin infusion resulted in a modest increase in plasma glucose levels and a decrease in serum insulin concentrations. A discrete pancreatic mass was demonstrated preoperatively by celiac angiography that on surgical extirpation, proved to be a benign intrapancreatic insulinoma. Evaluation for islet cell tumors is of importance in children with seizure disorders unresponsive to anticonvulsant medication. Furthermore, somatostatin may be useful preoperatively in maintaining normal blood glucose concentrations in patients with islet cell adenomas.
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PMID:Metabolic studies in a child with a pancreatic insulinoma. 624 3

In adult male albino BALB/c mice inosine (INS, 100 and 200 micrograms, intraventricularly) prolonged the latency of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizures while nicotinamide (NAM) exerted an opposite effect. In adult male C57BL/6 mice INS decreased lethality after PTZ while NAM increased it. In adult male albino SHR (bred from Swiss) and in adult male CC57BR mice INS and NAM did not modify the effect of PTZ. Both INS and NAM administered ICB induced short-lasting locomotor excitement in albino SHR and BALB/c mice but not in C57BL/6 or CC57BR mice. Pretreatment with INS (300 mg/kg, IP) prolonged the latency of PTZ seizures only in SHR mice. Pretreatment with NAM was ineffective in all strains tested. Chronic treatment with NAM and INS (100 mg/kg, IP, daily for 5 days) in SHR mice did not modify the effect of PTZ. The data obtained emphasize the importance of the appropriate choice of mouse strain for studies on INS and NAM as puntative endogenous ligands of the BDZ receptor (BDZR). The opposite effects of INS and NAM raise doubts that these two substances could play the same or similar roles in the function of a type of BDZR which is related to the action of PTZ on the central nervous system.
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PMID:Dissimilar effects of nicotinamide and inosine, putative endogenous ligands of the benzodiazepine receptors, on pentylenetetrazol seizures in four strains of mice. 625 61

Nicotinamide (NAM, 1000 mg/kg), inosine (INS, 1000 mg/kg), hypoxanthine (HXT, 500 mg/kg), putative endogenous ligands of the benzodiazepine receptor, and nicotinic acid (NA, 500 mg/kg) diminished DL-kynurenine-(DL-K, 50 micrograms ICV) induced seizures in C57BL/6 adult male mice and only prolonged the latency of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 500 micrograms iCV) seizures. The same effect was previously observed when PTZ was administered IP. In albino male BALB/c and SHR (bred from Swiss) mice only NA was effective against DL-K. Diazepam in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg prevented PTZ-induced seizures in half of the animals but even in dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg it was ineffective against DL-K. When injected ICV NAM (1 and 10 micrograms), INS (10 micrograms) and HXT (10 micrograms) prevented seizures induced by DL-K and were ineffective against seizures induced by PTZ. It is suggested that if NAM, INS and HXT are of functional importance in the central nervous system, they can act as antagonists of endogenous brain kynurenine. NA and NAM are suggested to be functional feedback inhibitory regulators of the kynurenine pathway of metabolism of tryptophan.
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PMID:Nicotinamide, inosine and hypoxanthine, putative endogenous ligands of the benzodiazepine receptor, opposite to diazepam are much more effective against kynurenine-induced seizures than against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. 626 99

A 12-year-old, 195 kg Shetland pony broodmare had eight seizures between May 29 and August 7, 1979. Plasma glucose levels during three of these seizures were markedly depressed (16, 18 and 19 mg/100 ml). Serum insulin levels were elevated during two of the seizures (86.0 and 97.7 microU/ml). Although a fasting hypoglycemia was not demonstrated, plasma glucose values during a normal day were abnormal; a plasma glucose level of 42 mg/100 ml was noted eight hours post-feeding. Serum insulin values obtained during an oral glucose tolerance test and intravenous glucagon tolerance test were consistent with organic hyperinsulinism of a pancreatic origin. An intravenous glucose tolerance test and a twenty-four hour fast failed to differentiate between the subject and control ponies with respect to plasma glucose and serum insulin levels. Gross and microscopic pathological evaluation of the pancreas revealed a single 2.0 mm adenoma of pancreatic islet cell origin and hyperplasia of islet cells, predominantly beta cells. This is the first report of hypoglycemic seizures in a horse as a result of a pancreatic neoplasm and associated hyperinsulinism.
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PMID:Hypoglycemic seizures in a Shetland pony. 630 51

We have administered the glycolysis inhibitors 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 5-thio-D-glucose to C3H/HeJ mice bearing KHT or 16/C transplantable tumors to seek evidence for hypoxic cell toxicity in vivo. The drugs were given (a) with or without insulin, (b) as large single doses or as multiple hourly injections, and (c) alone or immediately after the tumors had received radiation to kill most of the aerobic cell population. Tumor response was assessed by growth delay or by lung colony assay. Limiting toxicity of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 5-thio-D-glucose was neurological, leading to seizures and/or death, and this toxicity was increased by insulin. The drugs had at most minimal effects on the growth of either untreated or irradiated tumors at maximal tolerated doses. Despite the known selective toxicity of these glucose analogues for hypoxic cells in tissue culture, we have found them to be ineffective in killing hypoxic cells of two murine tumors.
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PMID:Failure of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 5-thio-D-glucose to kill hypoxic cells of two murine tumors. 633 9

A 52-year-old man with lactic acidosis and severe hypoglycemia was fully conscious and alert with a blood sugar of 8 mgs%. We believe normal level of consciousness was maintained due to the presence of hyperlactatemia. We show experimental evidence to suggest that lactate prevents the development of insulin-induced seizures in rats.
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PMID:Lactic acidosis and hypoglycemia: experimental evidence to show lactate prevents insulin induced seizures in rats. 634 89

Of 53 patients with drug-induced seizures seen in the last decade, 45% had single seizures, 40% had multiple convulsions, and 15% had status epilepticus. Generalized seizures with focal features were common, but simple partial (motor) seizures occurred in only two patients. Isoniazid, insulin, lidocaine, and psychotropic medications were the most common drugs that caused seizures. Forty-nine patients recovered without ill effects, but 4 patients died of cardiovascular complications. The combined cardiovascular toxicity of the convulsants, antidotes, and anticonvulsants was more important than the number or duration of seizures in determining outcome.
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PMID:Drug-induced seizures: a 10-year experience. 650 30

The effects of hypoglycemia on cerebrovascular permeability to a protein, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), were studied in mice given 3 or 8 units of crytalline zinc insulin intraperitoneally. HRP (10 mg in 0.1 ml saline) was injected intravenously 15 to 20 minutes prior to sacrifice. Both mildly and severely hypoglycemic groups of mice showed a drastic reduction in the normal transit of HRP across cerebral arterioles. The number of normally-stained vessel segments and of HRP-filled endothelial vesicles decreased in insulin-treated mice. In the brains of severely hypoglycemic mice, however, increased parenchymal HRP accumulation occurred. A ruptured blood vessel was found in the center of one-fourth of the focal exudates examined. Electron microscopic examination revealed thrombin, sometimes extending through the vessel wall, and hemorrhage, yet inter-endothelial tight junctions remained intact. Seizures were associated with severe hypoglycemia in 6 out of 10 mice with serum glucose levels below 40 mg/100 ml following 8 units of insulin, but the number of focal exudates per brain was similar in all 10 mice. We conclude that insulin-induced hypoglycemia is associated with decreased HRP transit across cerebral arterioles, and that severe insulin shock is also accompanied by actual rupture of vessel walls and extravasation of blood and HRP into the parenchyma of the brain.
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PMID:Effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on cerebrovascular permeability to horseradish peroxidase. 698 50

The effect of mammalian insulin was studied in a freshwater fish, Clarias batrachus, at both high and low ambient temperatures. The hormone produced a significant but delayed, yet recoverable, lowering of blood glucose, a concurrent decrease in liver glycogen, and an increase in the glycogen content of muscles. The decrease in brain glycogen occurred during advanced hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemic seizures developed intermittently in most of the fishes whose plasma glucose and brain glycogen levels had been considerably depleted. Necrobiotic changes in the pancreatic islets, including degranulation and atrophy, and necrosis of B cells, were seen in the treated fish. In some cases damage to A cells and the acinar tissue was also observed. With the restitution of normal glucose and glycogen values, the islet cells also seemed to have recuperated. Changes in glycemia, glycogen, and the islets were more pronounced in the fishes held at 24 degrees C than in those at 10 degrees C, indicating that the ambient temperature plays an important role in blood glucose homeostasis as well as insulin.
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PMID:Insulin effects in clarias batrachus L.: a combined biochemical and anatomical study. 701 Oct 95

The effects of a loading dose of 15 mg/kg phenytoin by iv infusion on the serum levels of insulin, glucagon, and glucose were investigated in five fasting healthy male volunteers between the ages of 23 and 35 years. Serum glucose concentrations rose immediately after the infusion of phenytoin followed by a significant increase in serum insulin values (P less than 0.05). A slight elevation in mean glucagon concentrations after the infusion was not statistically significant. Further studies are indicated to determine whether phenytoin as used in the treatment of status epilepticus may aggravate the hyperglycemia associated with seizures.
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PMID:Effects of single large doses of phenytoin on glucose homeostasis--a preliminary report. 704 Apr 99


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