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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In experiments on 6-10, 16-20-day and adult rabbits, electrochimiotrodes were chronically implanted into the dorsal hippocamp. Direct application of a M-cholinolytic, metamizyl, or N-cholinolytic, gangleron, to penicillin-induced epileptogenic zone in the hippocamp inhibited seizures in rabbits of all age groups. The intensity of interseizure epileptiform discharges in the EEG did not change under the action of cholinolytics in adult and 6-10-day rabbits, and decreased in 16-20-day ones. Parenteral administration of gangleron caused the same effect on the activity of epileptogenic zone, as its direct application to the hippocamp. Parenteral administration of metamizyl inhibited seizures in young animals (similarly to its direct application to the hippocamp), but increased the seizures and interseizure discharges in adult rabbits. Therefore, already to the 6th day of postnatal life of rabbits, blocking of the cholinoreactive system of the hippocamp may inhibit circulation of seizural discharges along closed neuronal circuits, which is necessary for the formation of the seizure.
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PMID:[Age peculiarities in the effect of M- and N-cholinolytics on the activity of the epileptogenic zone in the rabbit hippocampus]. 121 31

Intravenous ciprofloxacin, the first parenteral fluoroquinolone available in this country, represents another class of antimicrobial agents from which physicians must choose when treating nosocomial infections. Fluoroquinolones are bactericidal antimicrobial agents that act by inhibiting DNA gyrase. They are active in vitro against most gram-negative bacteria and methicillin-susceptible staphylococci. Activity against anaerobic bacteria and streptococci is poor. The rapid development of bacterial resistance in centers with high quinolone usage is of great concern. Resistance develops most commonly in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococci. Resistance emerges most often when quinolones are used to treat chronic infections or in patients with poorly drained abscesses, necrotic tissue, or indwelling catheters. Clinical trials have shown ciprofloxacin to be as effective as ceftazidime in the treatment of infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Although the overall frequency of side effects to fluoroquinolones is low, seizures and allergic reactions have been attributed to their use. Ciprofloxacin inhibits the metabolism of theophylline, and morbidity and death have been reported in patients taking the two drugs concomitantly. Parenteral fluoroquinolones should be reserved for the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections in patients in whom standard agents cannot be used.
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PMID:Do we need an intravenous fluoroquinolone? 141 44

The authors report on the results of clinical investigations, treatment and follow-up of a 9-year old boy with complex partial status epilepticus (CPSE) which occurred after the first onset of partial secondary generalized epileptic seizures. Electroencephalografic recordings during status epilepticus showed a diffuse, generalized, high-voltage delta dysfunction and bilateral epileptiform activity, with local maximum over the posterior right temporal parietal regions. Parenteral administration of diazepam, phenytoin and phenobarbitone as choice anticonvulsant drugs, failed to stop CPSE in the patient. Only by continuous intravenous infusion of chlormethiazole (Heminevrin) status epilepticus was successfully controlled. Paroxysmal discharges on electroencephalogram disappeared and attenuation of slow wave activity was evident. Memory deficits and the elements of nominal dysphasia and tactile dysgnosia were apparent soon after cessation of CPSE and may be related to the signs of maximal local electroencephalographic dysfunction. Later testings after complete seizure control by chlormethiazole and phenytoin given orally, showed almost normal results. No side effects were encountered. A more common chlormethiazole administration as a useful therapeutic agent in the management of CPSE especially in children with refractory and long-time status, would be mandatory. Since chlormethiazole is free from serious side effects, its earlier use in the control of epileptic status may help to preclude some severe cognitive effects and to evade the use of barbiturate anesthesia as the last therapeutic resort.
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PMID:[Chlormethiazole in the treatment of complex partial epileptic status in childhood]. 178 23

Severe hypophosphatemia (i.e., serum phosphorus concentration below 1 mg/dl) occurs infrequently in veterinary patients. It is most often associated with diabetic ketoacidosis in small animals. Phosphate is necessary for the production of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP); both are important for normal cellular metabolism. Consequences of severe hypophosphatemia may include hemolytic anemia, seizures, altered mentation, cardiomyopathy, and skeletal muscle weakness. Parenteral phosphate therapy is necessary in most cases of severe hypophosphatemia.
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PMID:Hypophosphatemia. Causes and clinical consequences. 267 24

A 46 years old male alcoholic was admitted with an assumed alcohol withdrawal syndrome accompanied by tonic-clonic seizures. Parenteral nutrition with fructose, sorbitol, xylitol, dextran, hydroxyethylstarch, electrolytes, vitamins and amino acids was undertaken. He died 20 d later due to renal insufficiency and bronchopneumonia. Calcium-oxalate-monohydrate (whewellite) was found in the central nervous system, the kidneys, the testes, the epididymis, the cardiac muscle cells and the lungs. The presence of urate crystals was suspected. The pathogenesis of secondary oxalosis is discussed.
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PMID:[Cerebrorenal oxalate formation--a metabolic abnormality following parenteral infusions of carbohydrate exchange substances]. 312 59

The maturation of the seizure/brain damage syndrome produced by parenteral administration of kainate was studied in the rat. The motor, electrographic and metabolic alterations are described in the present report, the maturation of the pathological abnormalities and of the specific kainate binding sites are described in the two following companion papers. Parenteral kainate produces tonico-clonic seizures until the end of the third week of age when limbic motor signs (wet-dog shakes, facial myoclonia, paw tremor etc.) were first produced. Using the 2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic method, we found that in animals of 3 days of age and until the third week of age, kainate produced a rise in metabolism restricted to the hippocampus and lateral septum. This was paralleled by paroxysmal discharges which were recorded in the hippocampus. Starting from the end of the third week of age approximately--i.e. when the toxin produced limbic motor seizures--there was a rise of labelling in other structures which are part of or closely associated to the limbic system i.e. the amygdaloid complex, the mediodorsal and adjacent thalamic nuclei, piriform, entorhinal and rostral limbic cortices and areas of projection of the fornix. These metabolic maps are thus similar to those seen in adults. Two main conclusions can be drawn from these experiments: kainate activates the hippocampus from a very early age probably by means of specific receptors present in this structure and the limbic syndrome will only be produced by the toxin once the limbic circuitry--including in particular the amygdaloid complex--is activated by the procedure i.e. after the third week of age.
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PMID:Maturation of kainic acid seizure-brain damage syndrome in the rat. I. Clinical, electrographic and metabolic observations. 652 89

Parenteral attitudes and adjustment to epilepsy were assessed for 50 parents of children aged 6 to 14 with epilepsy. Fishbein's Expectancy-Value Model of Attitude was used to assess parental attitudes. Parental adjustment was measured both by a self-report instrument and by an independent psychosocial assessment conducted by a psychiatric social worker. The major finding was a strong positive relationship (R = .67, p less than .001) between parental attitude and adjustment for the mothers. The attitude-adjustment relationship was not significant for the fathers. In addition, parental attitudes and perception of seizure control accounted for 60% of the variance in the mothers' adjustment scores. Seizure control was significantly positively related (p less than .05) to parental adjustment.
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PMID:Parental attitude and adjustment to childhood epilepsy. 656 Apr 30

Male Long-Evans rats were stereotaxically implanted with a bipolar electrode in the central amygdala and with a stainless-steel cannula in the lateral cerebral ventricle. Rats were then kindled once daily until 3 consecutive Stage 5 kindled seizures were elicited. Adenosine analogues were injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle to examine their effects on behavioral seizures and afterdischarge duration following a kindling stimulus. 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) and (-)-N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-adenosine(L-phenylisopropyladenosine) (L-PIA) produced dose-related reductions of amygdaloid-kindled seizures with NECA exhibiting slightly more potent anticonvulsant activity than L-PIA. Parenteral injections of caffeine, at a dose which had no effect on seizure parameters, antagonized the anticonvulsant effects of NECA. These results are consistent with the notion that adenosine is a modulator of synaptic activity in the CNS and methylxanthines exert a specific antagonism of central adenosine receptors.
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PMID:Anticonvulsant effects of adenosine analogues on amygdaloid-kindled seizures in rats. 673 23

The evidence for the efficacy of anticonvulsant drugs in the control of seizures during alcohol withdrawal is examined. The literature on the use of anticonvulsants to control anxiety, irritability, tension, and other symptoms of abstinence syndrome is reviewed. The data on benzodiazepines, phenobarbital, hydroxyzine, and neuroleptics are discussed briefly. There is no evidence to support the routine use of phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in detoxication. However, phenytoin may be valuable in patients at a high risk for seizures, such as skid-row alcoholics. Only one retrospective study has been done on primidone; it claimed primidone was an efficacious adjuvant. Carbamazepine and valproic acid may be useful in the treatment of anxiety, dysphoric mood, somatization, and other symptoms of abstinence syndrome, as well as for seizure prophylaxis. The benzodiazepines, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, are recognized as primary therapeutic agents in the detoxication of alcoholic patients. The major difficulty with the use of phenobarbital is that it cannot be used over as wide a range as the benzodiazepines. Hydroxyzine has been shown to be inferior to chlorazepate dipotassium. Most neuroleptics appear to be inappropriate for detoxication because they lower the seizure threshold; however, haloperidol has been found efficacious in acutely abstinent alcoholics. Carbamazepine, valproic acid, primidone, and phenobarbital should be tested against standard drugs such as chlordiazepoxide and diazepam in the detoxication of alcoholic patients.
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PMID:Anticonvulsant drugs in alcohol withdrawal: use of phenytoin, primidone, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and the sedative anticonvulsants. 679 97

An instrument consisting of 10 questionnaires was developed to assess the ability of facilities to implement acute respiratory infection (ARI) case management guidelines. Data sources included interviews with physicians, nurses and area pharmacists; observation of patient care; review of patient records and an inventory of supplies. All 21 outpatient and two inpatient health facilities as well as 20 of 28 pharmacies in the district were included in the study. Of 93 child assessments observed, physicians asked the age for only 38 (41%). No child was questioned on ability to drink or experience of seizures. In addition, no physician checked for stridor, wheeze or chest indrawing, or counted the respiratory rate. 81 of 93 (87%) children with ARI were prescribed antibiotics. Among the 88 children assessed as not requiring antibiotics, 77 (88%) received them. Five children (2 pneumonia, 2 severe pneumonia, and 1 very severe disease) were determined to require antibiotics; four were prescribed an oral regimen. Of the four children that both required antibiotics and received them, three should have been admitted to the hospital for parenteral antibiotics, but were not. A variety of prescribed antibiotics were used among the 77 children. 27 (35%) children received two or three antibiotics without specifying the dose, frequency or duration on the prescription. Only two physicians mentioned the antibiotic dosage schedule for home care to the mother. Physicians at each of the outpatient facilities estimated the mean availability of antibiotics at 7.9 +or- 3.9 months. Three facilities (14%) had ampicillin suspension, none had amoxicillin and two (9%) had cotrimoxazole for the treatment of outpatient pneumonia. 19 (90%) had aspirin. Oxygen was available for inpatient care for children with pneumonia in one of the two hospitals, no nebulizers were available for treatment of wheezing, and disposable syringes were available in only one hospital. Parenteral bronchodilators were available in both, oral in neither. This instrument was useful for comprehensively evaluating facility capability to provide quality case management in the Egyptian ARI program.
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PMID:An instrument to assess acute respiratory infection case management in Egypt. 845 90


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