Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dichloromethane, methanol and water extracts of Viscum sapense L.f., of the Loranthaceae family, were tested for antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Methanol extract was also tested for activity against seizures in albino mice induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), bicuculline and N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid (NMDLA). Methanol extract of V. capense inhibited the growth of S. aureus. Methanol extract also protected the mice against PTZ- and bicuculline-induced tonic seizures but did not significantly alter NMDLA-induced tonic seizures. The data indicate that the extract of V. capense has antibacterial activity against S. aureus and also anticonvulsant activity.
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PMID:Antimicrobial and anticonvulsant activities of Viscum capense. 970 15

The use of nonaqueous electrophoresis media for the application of capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of food, pharmaceuticals and biological fluids is reviewed. Some of the applications are discussed in detail and the benefits of using nonaqueous media in these cases are outlined. Three new applications within pharmaceutical analyses are presented. In these methods either a simple sample pretreatment by dilution with methanol (determination of chlorhexidine in a cream) or selective on-line capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (methods for identification of seizure drugs or opium alkaloids) are used. The choice of organic solvents and electrolytes for nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis are discussed. Furthermore, validation data obtained using capillary electrophoresis based on the nonaqueous principle are listed and discussed.
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PMID:Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis--its applicability in the analysis of food, pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. 976 Dec 1

A fast and simple method for separation of 16 seizure drug substances using capillary electrophoresis in a non-aqueous separation medium is described. The separation medium consists of a mixture of acetonitrile, methanol and glycerol with ammonium acetate/acetic acid as the electrolyte. The analytes are detected by UV detection at 214 nm. Injection from the detection end (8.5 cm to detector) combined with the usage of a short capillary (32.5 cm total length) makes it possible to separate all 16 amines within 2 min. The choice of solvents, electrolytes and viscosity increasing additives are discussed with special emphasis to their influence on the separation selectivity.
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PMID:Fast separation of 16 seizure drug substances using non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. 1007 70

The action of a partial benzodiazepine receptor agonist Ro 19-8022 [(R)-1-[(10-chloro-4-oxo-3-phenyl-4H-benzo[a]quinolizin-1-yl)carbo nyl] -2-pyrrolidine-methanol] in doses from 0.01 to 150 mg/kg was studied using motor seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in rats 7, 12, 18, 25 and 90 days old. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures were suppressed in all age groups, the three youngest groups being more sensitive than older animals. The highest dose of Ro 19-8022 did not exhibit anticonvulsant action in the 25-day-old rats. The other types of seizures (minimal clonic) induced by PTZ were suppressed by Ro 19-8022 only in 18-day-old and older rats in which PTZ reliably elicited these types of seizures. The doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg were ineffective against minimal seizures. On the contrary, incidence of minimal seizures was significantly increased by Ro 19-8022 in 7-and 12-day-old rat pups. Motor performance of rat pups was not compromised by Ro 19-8022 (0.5 and 50 mg/kg) in contrast to the full agonist midazolam (1 and/or 2 mg/kg). The duration of anticonvulsant effects studied with a dose of 0.5 mg/kg was longer in 12-day-old than in adult rats. This dose of Ro 19-8022 resulted in a rebound proconvulsant effect 24 and 48 h after the administration in 12-day-old rats only. Ro 19-8022 exhibited an excellent anticonvulsant action especially against generalized tonic-clonic seizures; this action was lost with very high doses. It did not compromise the motor system, but in some tests motivation was probably lost.
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PMID:The benzodiazepine receptor partial agonist Ro 19-8022 suppresses generalized seizures without impairing motor functions in developing rats. 1059 96

The potential of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) for the profiling of cocaine samples is described. An MEKC system containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and methanol was optimized using a test mixture of cocaine, its common impurities (benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, tropacocaine, and trans-cinnamoylcocaine), and several degradation products. The effect of pH, percentage modifier, and concentration surfactant on the separation has been investigated. The optimal separation buffer for cocaine samples consisted of 75 mM SDS, 17.5% methanol, and 25 mM borate (pH 8.3) and was well suited to separate components of diverse polarity in one run. Various cocaine seizures have been analyzed with the MEKC system and their signatures were compared. The electrokinetic chromatograms obtained were characteristic, and differences and similarities among the samples could easily be observed. Several impurities were identified in the samples by means of migration times and comparison of recorded and library UV spectra. The composition of the samples was determined semiquantitatively using relative corrected peak areas.
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PMID:Profiling of cocaine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. 1079 82

In this study, we assessed the effects of the acute administration of various 5-HT receptor antagonists on hippocampal partial seizures generated by low-frequency electrical stimulation in male Wistar rats. The seizure threshold and severity were determined by measuring the pulse number threshold and primary and secondary afterdischarges, respectively, and the latency of secondary discharge was also determined. The administration of either the selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazineyl]ethyl]-N-(pyridinyl)-c yclohe xanecarboximimde 3 HCl (WAY 100635, 0.1-1 mg/kg i.p.), the selective 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist granisetron (0.3-3 mg/kg i.p.), the selective 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist R-(+)-a-(2, 3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl) ethyl]-4-piperidine-methanol (MDL 100907, 0.3-3 mg/kg i.p.) or the 5-HT(2B,C) receptor antagonist antagonist N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-pyridyl) urea HCl (SKB 200646A, 5-50 mg/kg i.p.) did not alter the pulse number threshold compared to vehicle-treated animals. However, the acute administration of WAY 100635 (0.3 mg/kg) and M100907 (1 mg/kg) significantly increased, whereas granisetron (1 mg/kg) decreased, the primary afterdischarge duration compared to vehicle-treated animals. The latency of secondary after discharge was significantly decreased by WAY 100635 (1 mg/kg) and granisetron (3 mg/kg) compared to vehicle-treated animals. These results suggest that in this model, the antagonism of 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(3) or 5-HT(2B,C) receptors do not lower or raise seizure threshold. However, the antagonism of 5-HT(1A) receptors may increase or augment seizure severity.
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PMID:The effect of the acute administration of various selective 5-HT receptor antagonists on focal hippocampal seizures in freely-moving rats. 1085 35

This study describes a chromatographic method for the determination of diazepam, an anxiolytic drug that is also used as an antidote against nerve agent seizures, its metabolites N-desmethyldiazepam, and temazepam, the anti-nerve agent drug pyridostigmine bromide (PB; 3-dimethylaminocarbonyloxy-N-methyl pyridinium bromide) and its metabolite N-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide in rat plasma and urine. The compounds were extracted using C18 Sep-Pak Vac 3cc (500 mg) cartridges and separated using isocratic mobile phase of methanol, acetonitrile and water (pH 3.2) (10:40:50) at a flow-rate of 0.5 ml/min in a period of 12 min, and UV detection ranging between 240 and 280 nm. The limits of detection for all analytes ranged between 20 and 50 ng/ml, while limits of quantitation were 100 ng/ml. Average percentage extraction recoveries of five spiked plasma samples were 79.1+/-7.7, 83.5+/-6.4, 83.9+/-5.9, 71.3+/-6.0 and 77.7+/-5.6, and from urine 79.4+/-7.9, 83.1+/-6.9, 73.6+/-7.7, 74.3+/-7.1 and 77.6+/-5.9 for diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam, temazepam, pyridostigmine bromide, and N-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide, respectively. The relationship between peak areas and concentration was linear over the range between 100 and 1000 ng/ml. This method was applied to determine the above analytes following a single oral administration in rats as a tool to study the pharmacokinetic profile of each compound, alone and in combination.
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PMID:Chromatographic method for the determination of diazepam, pyridostigmine bromide, and their metabolites in rat plasma and urine. 1133 94

The bioassay-guided fractionation of dried flowers of Butea monosperma (BM) was carried out to isolate the active principle responsible for its anticonvulsant activity. The petroleum ether extract was fractionated by column chromatography using solvents of varying polarity such as n-hexane, n-hexane:ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The anticonvulsive principle of B. monosperma was found to be a triterpene (TBM) present in the n-hexane:ethyl acetate (1:1) fraction of the petroleum ether extract. TBM exhibited anticonvulsant activity against seizures induced by maximum electroshock (MES) and its PD(50) was found to be 34.2+/-18.1 mg/kg. TBM also inhibited seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), electrical kindling, and the combination of lithium sulfate and pilocarpine nitrate (Li-Pilo). However, TBM was not effective against seizures induced by strychnine and picrotoxin. TBM exhibited depressant effect on the central nervous system. After repeated use for 7 days, the PD(50) (MES) of TBM increased to 51.5+/-12.1 mg/kg. Similarly, after repeated use of TBM, the duration of sleep induced by pentobarbital was not reduced significantly. Further studies are required to investigate its usefulness in the treatment of epilepsy.
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PMID:Anticonvulsive activity of Butea monosperma flowers in laboratory animals. 1206 87

Over 20 years have elapsed since aspartame was approved by regulatory agencies as a sweetener and flavor enhancer. The safety of aspartame and its metabolic constituents was established through extensive toxicology studies in laboratory animals, using much greater doses than people could possibly consume. Its safety was further confirmed through studies in several human subpopulations, including healthy infants, children, adolescents, and adults; obese individuals; diabetics; lactating women; and individuals heterozygous (PKUH) for the genetic disease phenylketonuria (PKU) who have a decreased ability to metabolize the essential amino acid, phenylalanine. Several scientific issues continued to be raised after approval, largely as a concern for theoretical toxicity from its metabolic components--the amino acids, aspartate and phenylalanine, and methanol--even though dietary exposure to these components is much greater than from aspartame. Nonetheless, additional research, including evaluations of possible associations between aspartame and headaches, seizures, behavior, cognition, and mood as well as allergic-type reactions and use by potentially sensitive subpopulations, has continued after approval. These findings are reviewed here. The safety testing of aspartame has gone well beyond that required to evaluate the safety of a food additive. When all the research on aspartame, including evaluations in both the premarketing and postmarketing periods, is examined as a whole, it is clear that aspartame is safe, and there are no unresolved questions regarding its safety under conditions of intended use.
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PMID:Aspartame: review of safety. 1218 Apr 94

The "alarm" substance of the top smelt, Atherinops affinis (Ayres), has been isolated by extraction with methanol or ether from suffocated top smelt. These concentrated extracts, when introduced into an aquarium containing top smelt, induce a strong alarm reaction in the fish, characterized by rapid swimming, jumping, and often severe seizures. The fact that extracts from white surfperch, Phanerodon furcatus (Girard); surf smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Girard); northern anchovy, Engraulis mordox (Girard); or Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi (Valenciennes) caused only mild excitation in the top smelt indicates the species-specificity of the alarm reaction.
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PMID:Alarm reaction of the top smelt, Atherinops affinis (Ayres). 1397 10


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