Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Congenital carbamyl phosphate synthetase deficiency was diagnosed by liver biopsy in a 13-year-old girl, alpha-Keto analogues of essential amino acids have been shown to spare nitrogen by reducing urea formation; hence, they were given to this patient in the hope of reducing hyperammonemia and improving protein tolerance. After intravenous infusion of the keto analogues of valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine and phenylalanine, the corresponding plasma amino acids, including alloisoleucine and tyrosine, rose sharply. Twenty-four hours later, fasting plasma ammonia had fallen from the preinfusion value of 0.050 to 0.028 mM. Protein intake was kept at 0.5 g per kilogram for two weeks. Addition of keto acids by mouth reduced plasma ammonia and alanine to normal or near normal levels. Seizures and episodes of vomiting and lethargy decreased in frequency. Urinary nitrogen decreased, suggesting that nitrogen balance improved. These data indicate that keto acids may be useful in the treatment of congenital hyperammonemia.
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PMID:Treatment of carbamyl phosphate synthetase deficiency with keto analogues of essential amino acids. 16 4

Microcephaly and considerable motor and mental retardation occurred in two non-phenylketonuric children of an untreated mother with phenylketonuria. The cerebral damage of the children must be considered the consequence of the maternal metabolic disorder. Since the first phenylketonuric children who were treated on strict diet are now reaching the age of marriage and pregnancy, the problem of maternal phenylketonuria is becoming topical. Published reports indicate that of 72 well documented cases with a maternal phenylalanine level above 200 mg/1 (1210 mumol/1) 39 offspring had microcephaly, in 33 intra-uterine growth had been retarded and in 25 there are cerebral palsy and seizures. Almost all had mental retardation. At the same time there have been reports about three normal children whose mothers had kept to a phenylalanine-low diet during their pregnancy.
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PMID:[Children of mothers with phenylketonuria (author's transl)]. 83 53

Two infant siblings with modest elevations of serum phenylalanine concentrations had seizures and developmental regression: they died in their second year. Dihydropteridine reductase activity, which can be measured in normal cultured skin fibroblasts, was measured in the younger sibling and was absent. Parents of the two siblings and parents of a previously reported patient all showed 50% or less of the normal dihydropteridine reductase activity in their cultured fibroblasts. Dihydropteridine reductase activity is also present in normal cultured amniotic fluid cells, offering the possibility of prenatal diagnosis. Absence of dihydropteridine reductase results not only in a defect in the conversion of phenylalaning to tyrosine, but also in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters, dopamine, norephinephrine, and serotonin. Since deficiencies in these neurotransmitters would not be alleviated by a phenylalanine-restricted diet, it is important to establish the nature of the enzymatic defect in all suspected variants of phenylketonuria.
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PMID:Hyperphenylalaninemia due to dihydropteridine reductase deficiency. Assay of the enzyme in fibroblasts from affected infants, heterozygotes, and in normal amniotic fluid cells. 97 23

The degree of audiogenic seizure was measured in DBA/2J (phenylalanine hydroxylase deficient) mice as a function of dietary phenylalanine (Phe) and injected 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), the precursor of serotonin (5-HT). Phe was shown to exacerbate seizures significantly, and seizure severity was found to be directly related to dietary concentration when animals were not treated with exogenous 5-HTP. 5-htp was observed to significantly ameliorate seizures. The seizure-intensifying effect of Phe was reversible by 5-HTP injection and protection against seizures was directly related to 5-HTP concentration for animals on a high Phe diet. The results of this study indicate that Phe and 5-HTP are mutually antagonistic in modulating audiogenic seizure suceptibility.
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PMID:Effects of phenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan on seizure severity in mice. 108 44

Intracerebroventricularly applied pilocarpine (2.4 mg/2 microliters) immediately produced symptoms of epilepsy, ranging from akinesia to motor seizures, in rats. Whereas ACTH-(1-39), ACTH-(1-24), ACTH-(1-18), ACTH-(1-16) and ACTH-(18-39) were not active, subcutaneous pretreatment with smaller ACTH-like fragments, such as ACTH-(4-9), ACTH-(4-10), ACTH-(4-10)(7D-Phe), ACTH-(7-16), and Org2766, reduced the severity of the epilepsy. Moreover, fewer rats developed motor seizures. Thus, ACTH fragments devoid of peripheral endocrine activity reduce pilocarpine-induced epileptiform activity in rats. A narrow bell-shaped dose-response relationship was found. Except for ACTH-(7-16), which was active in a dose of 1 and 10 micrograms/rat s.c., the other fragments were only active at one dose (10 micrograms/rat). The anti-epileptic properties appeared to reside in the sequence 1-16, and more specifically in the sequences 4-7 and 7-16, of the ACTH molecule.
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PMID:ACTH: a structure-activity study on pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. 133 45

Intracerebral microdialysis combined with electrocorticographic recordings was used in a patient subjected to epilepsy surgery. The patient developed a series of partial seizures during an 8 min period. Marked elevations of aspartate (79-fold), glycine (21-fold), glutamate (16-fold) and serine (8-fold) dialysate concentrations occurred in association with onset of the period with seizures. Recurrent seizures occurred, in spite of normalizing amino acid levels. Other amino acids analyzed (aspargine, threonine, arginine, alanine, taurine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, isoleucine and leucine) showed less pronounced changes (1-5 times the basal levels).
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PMID:Seizure related elevations of extracellular amino acids in human focal epilepsy. 140 96

An implanted stimulating device chronically stimulated the left cervical vagus nerve in epileptic patients. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of free and total gamma-aminobutyric acid, homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, aspartate, glutamate, asparagine, serine, glutamine, glycine, phosphoethanolamine, taurine, alanine, tyrosine, ethanolamine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, vasoactive intestinal peptide, beta-endorphin, and somatostatin were measured before and after 2 months of chronic stimulation in six patients. Significant increases were seen in homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in three patients, and significant decreases in aspartate were seen in five patients. These changes were associated with a decrease in seizure frequency.
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PMID:Neurochemical effects of vagus nerve stimulation in humans. 150 37

Extracellular levels of aspartate (ASP), glutamate (GLU), serine (SER), asparagine (ASN), glycine (GLY), threonine (THR), arginine (ARG), alanine (ALA), taurine (TAU), tyrosine (TYR), phenylalanine (PHE), isoleucine (ILEU), and leucine (LEU) were monitored by using intracerebral microdialysis in seven patients with medically intractable epilepsy, undergoing epilepsy surgery. In association with focal seizures, dramatic increases of the extracellular ASP, GLU, GLY, and SER concentrations were observed. The other amino acids analyzed, including TAU, showed small changes. The results support the hypothesis that ASP, GLU, GLY, and possibly SER, play an important role in the mechanism of seizure activity and seizure-related brain damage in the human epileptic focus.
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PMID:Intracerebral microdialysis of extracellular amino acids in the human epileptic focus. 150 52

Leukocyte activation is known to involve cell membrane potential changes. Phenobarbital, an anesthetic and anticonvulsant that can inhibit neuronal membrane depolarization, may also affect leukocyte activation. Measuring membrane potential, actin polymerization, chemotaxis, superoxide production, lymphocyte proliferation, intracellular calcium concentration, and cytokine production, we found that phenobarbital at a concentration of 15-30 micrograms/ml, which is considered a therapeutic serum level for controlling seizures, did not affect polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) activation. At levels higher than 100 micrograms/ml, phenobarbital significantly suppressed formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced chemotaxis. Concentrations greater than 300 micrograms/ml also inhibited phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated membrane potential change. In contrast, 30 micrograms/ml phenobarbital significantly inhibited lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen. This concentration of phenobarbital also suppressed the increase of intracellular free calcium induced by PHA. However, only a higher concentration of phenobarbital (300 micrograms/ml) was able to inhibit PHA-induced interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and suppress the proliferation of PHA-induced IL-2 receptor-bearing lymphocytes. These results suggest that concentrations of phenobarbital associated with anticonvulsive levels do not affect PMN activation but suppress lymphocyte activation, possibly by affecting intracellular signal transduction.
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PMID:Effects of phenobarbital on leukocyte activation: membrane potential, actin polymerization, chemotaxis, respiratory burst, cytokine production, and lymphocyte proliferation. 150 69

Aspartame, the methyl ester of the dipeptide formed from combining phenylalanine and aspartic acid, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July 1981. FDA monitors complaints from consumers and health professionals through the Adverse Reaction Monitoring System, a passive surveillance program FDA has received 251 reports of seizures that have been linked to ingestion of aspartame by consumers. In most cases, information obtained from the complainants' medical records as well as data on consumption patterns, temporal relationships, and challenge tests did not support the claim that the occurrences of the seizures were linked to consumption of aspartame.
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PMID:An analysis of FDA passive surveillance reports of seizures associated with consumption of aspartame. 157 43


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