Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acute dose-response studies with phenytoin were conducted to determine the relationship between plasma levels and anticonvulsant effect in epileptic chickens. Phenytoin produced statistically significant reductions in both the incidence and severity of seizures in photosensitive epileptic chickens when the plasma concentrations exceeded 8.15 +/- 0.89 microgram/ml. A high correlation exists between plasma phenytoin concentrations and both the reduction in incidence or severity of seizures. However, the appearance of plasma concentration dependent neurological toxicities resulted in a failure to achieve complete protection against intermittent photic stimulation induced seizures.
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PMID:Epileptiform seizures in domestic fowl. VII. Plasma phenytoin concentrations and anticonvulsant activity. 63 84

The causes of chronic, recurrent headaches, the electroencephalographic findings and the response to phenytoin (Dilantin) and other medications have been evaluated in 100 children. A history of head injury was reported in 41% and convulsions had occurred in 15%. Electroencephalographic dysrhythmias were severe in 18 and moderate in 27%. Migraine was diagnosed in 42% and tension headaches in 18%; psychogenic factors complicated learning disabilities and minimal brain dysfunction in 21%. Phenytoin controlled migraine in 77% and headaches diagnosed as seizure equivalents in 40%; the response was unrelated to the degree of electroencephalographic abnormality. An abnormal electroencephalogram and response to phenytoin are insufficient criteria for a diagnosis of epilepsy in children with recurrent headaches.
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PMID:Recurrent headaches in 100 children. Electroencephalographic abnormalities and response to phenytoin (Dilantin). 63 3

Phenytoin has traditionally been used for both prophylaxis and acute treatment of alcohol withdrawal seizures. With the exception of a well defined subgroup of withdrawing patients, this may not be appropriate. Chronic anticonvulsant therapy is not indicated without evidence of another underlying seizure diathesis.
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PMID:Rational management of alcohol withdrawal seizures. 68

A 26-year-old woman with intractable seizures and fluctuating plasma phenytoin concentrations is described. Noncompliance with prescribed drug regimens was suspected. Phenytoin was first given as a capsule and then as an elixir. Ingestion of the capsule was monitored, and active non-compliance was proved and admitted by the patient. The causes of inadequate plasma phenytoin concentrations are few and can be determined either by specific laboratory methods or by changing the form of the drug.
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PMID:Active noncompliance as a cause of uncontrolled seizures. 72 33

Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and Carbamazepine have been widely used as anticonvulsants and known to have antiarrhythmic properties. Previous reports have shown that arrhythmias such as sinus bradycardia and atrioventricular block can be induced by these agents. In this paper, sinoatrial block (SA block) induced by these agents which were used as anticonvulsants in 3 aged patients is reported. Thre patients, 2 women and 1 man, were over 60 years old. In 2 cases, administration of DPH for recurrent epileptic seizures was followed by SA block. After withdrawal of DPH, SA block disappeared, but resumption of DPH resulted in SA block again. In 1 of these 2 patients, overdrive suppression test revealed normal sinus node recovery time. In the third patient, in addition to DPH which was administered for epileptic seizures, Carbamazepine was given for shoulder pain, then SA block occurred. Withdrawal of these agents restored normal sinus rhythm and combined administration of these 2 agents again induced SA block. Autopsy revealed decreased conduction cells in the sinus node.
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PMID:Three cases of sinoatrial block induced by anticonvulsants. 73 79

Ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+ -K" -ATP'ase, has been administered intraventricularly to rats to study the effect of impairment of membrane transport mechanisms on the genesis of seizures. Running and leaping seizures occur rapidly after injection of ouabain in a low volume (10 microliter) when the maximal uptake of ouabain (39.8%) is the hippocampus. Generalized clonic-tonic seizures are induced by higher volume injections (50 microliter) associated with wider distribution of ouabain, including the cerebellum and brainstem. Ouabain was injected into cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, dorsal hippocampus, fastigeal nucleus, ventrolateral mesencephalic reticular formation and cerebellar cortex. The cerebellar injections produced both running and leaping and generalized clonic-tonic seizures. It is suggested that this results from decreased inhibitory effect of vermal and paravermal Purkinje cells on intra-cerebellar nuclei, which alters cerebellar influence on the reticular formation and the limbic system. Diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbitone, phenacemide, carbamezepine and clonazepam but not ethosuximide are effective against generalized clonic-tonic seizures, suggesting that this is a model for "grand mal" but not "petit mal" seizure mechanisms. It is furthermore suggested that running and leaping are subcortical, probably limbic, seizures that are most relevant as a model for temporal lobe seizures.
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PMID:Ouabain induced seizures: site of production and response to anticonvulsants. 74 50

Diphenylhydantoin sodium is a standard drug in the treatment of convulsive disorders. Numerous untoward reactions have been reported. Lymphadenopathy related to drug-induced hypersensitivity has occurred. A yound woman undergoing treatment for seizures developed a large, tender, localized neck mass, associated with trismus, spasmotic torticollis, fever, eosinophilia, and skin rash. She was thought to be suffering from a deep cervical fascial space abscess. Symptoms subsided rapidly after elimination of anticonvulsant medication.
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PMID:Localized cervical lymphadenopathy induced by diphenylhydantoin sodium. 80 90

The results from systematic determinations of the serum level of phenytoin in 121 epileptic children are reported. The range 12-25 mg/l is effective in most of the children, responding at all to phenytoin, and causes few and minimal side effects. Practically all children with pure grand mal epilepsy could be kept seizure-free on an optimal dose of phenytoin alone. Possibly the level aimed at should be higher in severe cases than in mild ones. Our initial dose was 10 mg/kg daily; this dose was adjusted according to the serum level until the desired range was reached. Phenytoin produced a lower serum level than the same dose of its sodium salt. Interaction possibly occurs with carbamazepine, which tended to decrease the level, and with acetazolamide, which tended to increase the level. With the help of serum phenytoin determinations an individual dose can be chosen for each patient and phenytoin therapy be rendered safer and more effective.
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PMID:Systematic determination of the serum phenytoin level as an aid in the management of children with epilepsy. 80 79

A 36-year-old white man had both acute intermittent porphyria and long-standing idiopathic grand mal seizures. Diphenylhydantoin apparently adversely affected both the clinical and biochemical parameters of the acute intermittent porphyria. Comparison of urinary levels of the porphyrin precursors, delta aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen, under controlled diet conditions before and after withdrawal of diphenylhydantoin, showed that this drug accounted for approximately one-half of the porphyrin precursor excretion. Significant clinical improvement of the porphyria followed withdrawal of the diphenylhydantoin. Bromides appeared to be approximately as effective as diphenylhydantoin for seizure control in this patient.
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PMID:Grand mal seizures and acute intermittent porphyria. The problem of differential diagnosis and treatment. 81 8

This study was undertaken to determine the relationship of serum ACD levels to dosage in a group of patients who had been seizure free for at least two years. It demonstrated that some patients remain completely seizure free with DPH and/or phenobarbital serum concentrations which are well below the reported "optimal" therapeutic ranges. In addition, medicating patients with anti-convulsant drugs solely on the basis of mg/kg of body weight does not assure optimal ACD levels in any given patient. Certain patients can be maintained completely seizure free controlled with DPH and/or Pb levels of less than 10 micrograms/ml. There are several explanations for the medication concentrations observed in these patients: (1) patient noncompliance in ingestion of prescribed medication; (2) altered drug utilization; (3) a mild focus which is maintained under control with lower DPH levels than those necessary to control a more active focus; or (4) epilepsy in remission. Our observations emphasize the importance of individual regulation of medications for seizure control.
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PMID:The relation of anticonvulsant drug levels to complete seizure control. 81 90


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