Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Effects of phenobarbital, phenytoin and diazepam on cephaloridine-induced spiking activity (focal seizure) and cefazolin-induced violent seizure appearing repeatedly in EEG and general behavior (repeated generalized seizure) were studied in rats with chronically implanted electrodes. Phenobarbital, phenytoin and diazepam showed remarkable inhibition on cephaloridine-induced focal seizure and the ED50 values were 4.52 mg/kg, 9.41 mg/kg and 0.86 mg/kg, respectively. Phenobarbital and diazepam also inhibited cefazolin-induced repeated generalized seizure. The ED50s to inhibit seizure pattern in EEG were 30.5 mg/kg and 3.4 mg/kg, respectively and the ED50 values to suppress seizure behavior were 49.0 mg/kg and 4.7 mg/kg. However, phenytoin did not suppress repeated generalized seizure even at 100 mg/kg. From these results, cephaloridine-induced focal seizure and cefazolin-induced generalized seizure are thought to be useful models for evaluating the inhibitory effect of test compounds on cortical seizure and status epilepticus, respectively.
 ...
PMID:Effects of certain antiepileptics on cephaloridine- and cefazolin-induced seizures in rats. 663 17

Phenobarbital has been shown to offer effective prophylaxis against childhood febrile convulsions. However, a high percentage of children do not tolerate phenobarbital, mainly due to behavioral changes. Valproate, due to its low toxicity, appears to be an attractive alternative to phenobarbital treatment. Ninety children admitted with their first febrile convulsion were offered prophylactic treatment with either phenobarbital 3-5 mg/kg/day or valproate 20-30 mt/kg/day. Twenty-five children whose parents refused prophylactic treatment make up an untreated control group. Serum levels of the appropriate drug were measured at each follow-up visit. The three groups appear to be comparable. Twenty-one per cent of the phenobarbital treated children required discontinuation of the drug due to side effects. All the children tolerated valproate therapy. Twelve out of 25 untreated children suffered recurrences. Eight out of 33 children treated with phenobarbital suffered recurrences. Four out of 32 children on valproate therapy had recurrences. The difference between valproate treatment and no therapy at all is highly significant (p less than 0.001). Phenobarbital did not reduce the risk of recurrence. We now recommend prophylactic treatment with valproate to children with febrile seizures.
 ...
PMID:Sodium valproate versus phenobarbital in the prophylactic treatment of febrile convulsions in childhood. 679 20

Phenobarbital (PB) was tested for its efficacy in averting post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) in patients with non-missile head injuries. The protocol envisaged the administration of PB throughout a period of two years in randomly assigned doses ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 and from 1.6 to 2.5 mg/kg/day. The study included neurologic examination, EEG and plasma PB levels. Ninety patients, 83 of whom with serious head injury followed the prescribed treatment for the entire period. Two adult patients manifested seizures 5 and 10 months after the trauma. They were being treated with doses over 1.5 mg/kg/day. Another patient had a seizure six months after the end of the prophylaxis. Low doses of PB and monitoring permitted a reduction of side effects. The low incidence of PTE indicates that PB has an efficient prophylactic effect. The results also show that a low dosage has a favourable effect.
 ...
PMID:Phenobarbital prophylaxis of post traumatic epilepsy. 680 79

The 1.5-benzodiazepine (clobazam), the 1,4-benzodiazepine (diazepam), and two nonbenzodiazepine antiepileptic drugs (phenobarbital and valproate) were evaluated in mice and rats with a battery of well-standardized anticonvulsant test procedures. The results obtained indicate that clobazam and valproate exhibit a wider range of experimental anticonvulsant activity than either diazepam or phenobarbital. Except for clobazam by the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test in rats, clobazam and valproate are effective in nontoxic doses against MES and all four chemically induced seizures (Metrazol, bicuculline, picrotoxin, and strychnine). Clobazam is effective by the MES test in rats only in doses that exceed the median minimal toxic dose. Phenobarbital is effective against all of the above tests, but minimal toxic doses must be employed to prevent strychnine seizures. Diazepam, on the other hand, is effective in nontoxic doses against seizures induced by Metrazol, bicuculline, and picrotoxin, but protects animals from maximal electroshock and strychnine seizures only when given in toxic doses. When compared on the basis of protective indices (PI = TD50/ED50) calculated from intraperitoneal data, the PIs for clobazam were 1.6 to 13 times higher than those for diazepam. Overall, except for the MES test in rats, the PIs for clobazam were from 1.5 to 44 times higher than those for any of the other three substances. With respect to the MES test in rats, the PI for clobazam was 10.8 times higher than that for diazepam; however, the PIs for phenobarbital and valproate were 3.5 and 4.4 times higher, respectively, than that for clobazam. These data suggest that the spectrum of anticonvulsant activity for the 1,5-benzodiazepine (clobazam) is superior to that for the 1,4-benzodiazepine (diazepam). Also, the broad experimental profile of anticonvulsant activity of clobazam agrees well with its reported broad clinical efficacy.
 ...
PMID:Comparative anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity of clobazam, diazepam, phenobarbital, and valproate in mice and rats. 680 71

Paregoric and phenobarbital, administered randomly in 153 passively addicted neonates, initially appeared to control neonatal abstinence signs equally well. However, seven of the 62 phenobarbital-treated newborns had abstinence-associated seizures within the first month of life, while none of 49 paregoric-treated neonates had seizures. Forty-two neonates initially requiring no specific pharmacotherapy for abstinence signs were born to mothers taking less methadone hydrochloride just before delivery. Five of those 42 neonates, however, had seizures within the first 14 days of life. Seizure occurrence could not be predicted from analysis of early abstinence patterns. We consider paregoric to be the treatment of choice for the neonatal abstinence syndrome. Phenobarbital use should be monitored with serum drug levels and modification of recommended dosage regimens considered.
 ...
PMID:Opiate v CNS depressant therapy in neonatal drug abstinence syndrome. 682 17

Strychnine poisoning results in a predictable and treatable sequence of events involving blockade of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, extensor muscle spasms, seizures, and respiratory paralysis. These spasms may lead to hyperthermia, profound lactic acidosis, and rhabdomyolysis. Acidosis is primarily attributable to lactate, as indicated by the correlation between arterial pH and log of lactic acid concentration (r = -0.878). Interruption of the strychnine blockade is the primary therapy for strychnine poisoning. Phenobarbital in moderate doses should be the first intervention and anesthetic doses should be used if necessary. Suppression of convulsions will permit successful management of the complications of strychnine poisoning. Our patient survived, even though at one point he had a pH of 6.55, a lactate level of 32 mM/liter, a temperature of 43 degrees C, and rhabdomyolysis with an increased creatine phosphokinase level of 359,000 mU/ml (5,983 mumol/s/liter).
 ...
PMID:Strychnine poisoning. Recovery from profound lactic acidosis, hyperthermia, and rhabdomyolysis. 682 97

A method was developed for estimating elimination rate constants for phenobarbital in neonates on the basis of two serum samples drawn at any interval. Phenobarbital serum concentrations were obtained for 16 neonates being treated for fetal asphyxia, intraventricular hemorrhage, narcotic withdrawal, or seizure activity. The mean birth weight was 2.18 kg, mean gestational age was 34.8 weeks, and mean postnatal age was 12.1 days. The first blood sample was drawn two hours after an i.v. loading dose of phenobarbital sodium 7-15 mg/kg; maintenance doses ranging from 1.3 to 7.5 mg/kg/day were given by single i.v. injection. On the third day of therapy, trough concentration was determined; elimination rate constants were calculated using the two concentrations and the total dosage administered. Maintenance doses were adjusted to achieve desired serum concentrations, and predicted concentrations were compared with actual concentrations on the seventh day of therapy. Measured and predicted serum concentrations on day 7 were not significantly different. Only one patient exhibited phenobarbital toxicity. Phenobarbital serum half-life did not show a correlation with either gestational age or postnatal age. This method is clinically useful for individualizing phenobarbital dosing in neonates because it allows for integration of therapeutic drug monitoring with maintenance dosing based on the patient's metabolic capacity for the drug.
 ...
PMID:Individualizing phenobarbital dosing in neonates. 688 54

High plasma levels of phenobarbital are known to produce profound effects on the EEG background activity. Phenobarbital therapy frequently is administered to the neonate with seizures prior to the first EEG recording. Therefore, it is questionable whether in these neonates alterations of the EEG background activity are related to anticonvulsive therapy. A total of 26 neonates with seizures had an EEG while on phenobarbital therapy. In five cases an EEG was available prior to this treatment. Suppression of the background activity in the EEG was seen in 17 neonates of whom two had an inactive tracing and three a burst-suppression pattern. Moderate suppression occurred in five infants, mild suppression is seven infants. The suppression of the background activity correlated with the clinical outcome. The phenobarbital plasma levels in the group with severe or moderate suppression, mild suppression and normal background activity did not show statistically significant differences. Thus, the suppression of the EEG background activity in neonates with phenobarbital plasma levels of 1.3 to 5.9 mg/dl are secondary to brain pathology rather than medication.
 ...
PMID:Phenobarbital therapy in neonatal seizures and the prognostic value of the EEG. 707 5

A nationwide survey of neonatologists and pediatric neurologists was conducted to ascertain their methods of evaluating and managing neonatal seizures. Of the sampled 750 physicians, 284 (38%) responded to the single mailing. Most respondents use a routine for seizure workup which includes glucose, calcium and electrolyte determinations, and a lumbar puncture. On the other hand, there was a great variation in the use of an EEG, CT scan skull x-ray, and a drug and metabolic screen. Phenobarbital was the initial drug of choice and phenytoin usually the second drug. Neurologists used higher loading doses for phenobarbital and phenytoin. Most physicians monitored blood levels to adjust maintenance doses. Drug therapy was usually continued for two months to one year after seizure control. Criteria for discontinuation were often arbitrary but included a normal electroencephalogram and the absence of seizures. The results demonstrate a lack of consensus in the evaluation and management of neonates with seizures.
 ...
PMID:Neonatal seizures: a survey of current practice. 708 17

Effect of 3-sulfamoylmethyl-1,2-benzisoxazole (AD-810) on kindled seizures in the neocortex, hippocampus and amygdala was studied in comparison with that of clinically proved antiepileptics, and the differences in kindled seizure development in the three areas were also studied. The amygdala more rapidly developed a generalized seizure (kindled seizure) than the hippocampus and the neocortex. Although more days of stimulation were needed, the neocortex also developed a kindled seizure similar to limbic kindled seizures. Phenobarbital, carbamazepine, dipropylacetate and diazepam showed a depressant effect on the neocortical kindled seizures. Phenytoin showed a depressant effect only when it was administered intravenously. Phenobarbital and carbamazepine depressed the hippocampal kindled seizures, while phenytoin and diazepam had little effect. Phenobarbital and diazepam caused marked depression on the amygdaloid kindled seizures, but the effect of phenytoin, carbamazepine and dipropylacetate on them was weak or negligible. AD-810 showed a depressant effect on neocortical and hippocampal kindled seizures, but not on amygdaloid ones. The profile of AD-810 is similar to that seen with carbamazepine.
 ...
PMID:Effects of 3-sulfamoylmethyl-1,2-benzisoxazole (AD-810) and some antiepileptics on the kindled seizures in the neocortex, hippocampus and amygdala in rats. 722 18


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>